Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

E.5. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

About Environment(Protection) Act, 1986

  • Enacted in 1986, the Environment (Protection) Act stands as a powerful and comprehensive legal tool dedicated to safeguarding the environment.
  • Rooted in Article 48A and Article 51A of the Indian Constitution.
  • The Central Government is empowered to prevent and control pollution, establishing effective mechanisms.
  • Authorization for collecting samples as evidence of environmental offenses.
  • Special procedure for handling hazardous substances.
  • Relaxation of “Locus Standi,” allowing common citizens to approach the court with a 60-day notice.
  • Central Government can issue directives for industry operation, prohibition, closure, or regulation.
  • Authority to stop or regulate the supply of electricity, water, or services without a court order.
  • Stringent penal provisions, include imprisonment up to five years, fines, and daily penalties for persistent violations.
  • The immunity granted to government officers for actions under the Act.
  • Civil Courts are barred from entertaining suits related to actions by the Central Government or statutory authorities.
  • Supremacy of the Act’s provisions over anything inconsistent in other enactments, excluding the Act itself.

Environment Protection Act Amendment 2022

  • The provision for imprisonment is set to be replaced with a requirement for fines as an alternative.
  • The proposed fines, serving as an alternative to imprisonment, are substantially increased, ranging from 3 lakh to 5 crore rupees for contraventions of the Act.
  • However, severe violations resulting in grievous injury or loss of life will subject offenders to the provisions of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, along with Section 24 of the EP Act.
  • This shift away from prison terms also extends to the Air Act, primarily addressing air pollution, and the Water Act, addressing violations related to water bodies.
  • An “adjudication officer” will be appointed to determine penalties in cases of environmental violations, such as failing to submit reports or provide requested information.
  • The funds collected as penalties will be directed to an “Environmental Protection Fund.”