Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

ii.1. Plant Habitats & Adaptations

Plants exhibit remarkable diversity in plant habitats and adaptations, reflecting their ability to thrive in various environmental conditions.

Components: Discovering Plant Habitats-Understanding Living & Non-living Elements

  • Biotic: The organisms, both plants and animals, living in a habitat are its biotic components. 
  • Abiotic: The non-living things such as rocks, soil, air and water in the habitat constitute its abiotic components.
  • There are certain features that help organisms, including plant habitats, thrive in their respective enhancing their ability to live in their surroundings better. 

Adaptation in Plant Habitats: Exploring the Dynamic Interplay for Survival

  • The presence of specific features or certain habits, which enable an organism to live naturally in a place is called adaptation. It differs in every plant habitat. 
  • Adjustment Method: Adaptation is the method by which organisms get well adjusted to the climate. 
  • Time Consuming: It takes a long time because the abiotic factors of a region also change very slowly. 
  • Survival: Only the adapted organisms survive in case of calamities or sudden changes in surroundings. 
    • Organisms adapt to different abiotic factors in different ways and this results in a wide variety of plant habitats and diverse organisms in different habitats.

Some typical plants that grow in desert