Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

C.8. Urban Local Finance

As allowed by the relevant municipal regulations, Municipal Corporations and Municipalities raise their funds from a variety of sources.

Their sources of income originate from

  • Taxes; (ii) Fees and Penalties; and (iii) Income from Municipal Enterprises, such as Land, Tanks, Markets, Shops, etc
  • Additionally, the State provides grants to these organizations.
  • The primary source of revenue for the majority of urban municipal governments is the property tax on land and structures.
  • They also levy taxes on professionals, advertisements, and other things. In Western India, octroi is still a significant source of revenue for local governments.
  • The current trend is to abolish this charge because it interferes with the smooth flow of traffic on highways.
  • For violations of local laws and ordinances, municipalities also impose fines. Municipalities frequently make substantial money through their stores, marketplaces, and rest areas.
  • States frequently give grants to their municipal organizations to boost their financial situation. State grants-in-aid may be given on an as-needed basis or by specified criteria, such as population size, the concentration of slums in an area, the location of the town, etc.
  • Urban bodies collect a variety of taxes and fees, including property tax, sewerage tax, fire tax, animal and vehicle tax, theatre tax, duty on property transfers, octroi duty on some commodities transported into the city, education cess (tax), and professional tax.