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A.7. Impact of Poor Governance on Development

PESTLE Aspect

Aspect

Details

Examples

Political

Corruption

Corruption leads to inefficient resource allocation, hindering economic growth and public trust.

The 2G Spectrum scam and the Commonwealth Games scam.

Political Instability

Disrupts development processes and deters foreign investment.

Frequent changes in state governments due to political turmoil.

Policy Implementation Failures

Lead to ineffective governance and unmet development goals.

Leakages in PDS

Lack of Transparency

Reduces accountability and increases corruption.

Non-transparent allocation of natural resources (“Coalgate” scandal)

Low Public Trust

Leading to decreased civic engagement and social cohesion.

Lower voter turnout in 2024 elections compared to 2014 and 2019

Economic

Poor Economic Management

Ineffective economic policies and poor fiscal management can lead to economic instability and reduced investor confidence.

1991 BOP Crisis

Regulatory Uncertainty

Frequent changes in regulations and policies can create an unstable business environment.

Changes in GST Slabs

Inefficient Market Systems

Reduce competitiveness and innovation.

Monopolistic practices, inverted duty structure.

Social

Social Inequality

Poor governance exacerbates social inequalities, limiting opportunities for marginalized communities.

Inequitable access to quality education and healthcare services in rural and urban areas.

Quality of life

Inconsistent access to basic services like clean water, sanitation, and healthcare in various regions.

Delhi Water Crisis 2024

Human Rights Violations

Poor governance can lead to violations of human rights, affecting citizens’ well-being and freedom.

Custodial Deaths in TN

Displacements and poor rehabilitation

Disproportionately affecting Tribals

Sardar Sarovar Dam Project

Technological

Digital Divide

Unequal access to digital technologies limits opportunities for education and economic growth.

Only 27% of rural households have internet access, compared to 66% in urban areas (National Sample Survey).

Cybersecurity Threats

Poor governance in cybersecurity can lead to data breaches and financial losses.

The data breach at Aadhaar 

E-Governance Implementation Issues

Delays and inefficiencies in e-governance projects can reduce their effectiveness.

The delay in rolling out the e-Health initiative in various states 

Inadequate Tech Infrastructure

Poor technological infrastructure hampers access to online services and economic– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Frequent power outages and slow internet speeds in rural areas limit digital– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Legal-Administrative

Judicial Delays

Slow judicial processes undermine the rule of law and discourage – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 4 crore cases pending in– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Bureaucratic Inefficiency and Red Tapism

Inefficient bureaucracy can delay project approvals and implementation,– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

The average turnaround time for Indian ports is 2.1 days compared to 0.4 days for Norway, 0.6 days for Netherlands, and 0.8 days for – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Corruption

Corruption within administrative bodies can lead to misuse of resources and– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

The Vyapam scam, NEET – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Human Resource Mismanagement

Poor management of human resources can lead to underperformance and low morale among– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Shortage of healthcare workers during the– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Environmental

Environmental Degradation

Ineffective governance in environmental regulation leads to degradation and unsustainable resource– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Poor implementation of– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

 

A.8. Steps Taken

Aspect

Step

Details

Specific Data

Political

Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013)

Established an anti-corruption ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials.

1,200 cases investigated by Lokpal as of 2023.

Increased Enforcement

Strengthened actions against corruption with more cases prosecuted and assets seized by the – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Assets worth ₹1 lakh crore seized between – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

E-Voting Pilot Projects

Testing electronic voting methods to increase voter participation.

Conducted in 8 states with positive feedback.

Electoral Reforms

Reforms to enhance the transparency and efficiency of the – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Use of VVPAT machines

Economic

Goods and Services Tax (GST)

Simplified the tax structure, making it more transparent and efficient.

GST collections averaged ₹1.4 lakh crore monthly in FY – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)

Provided a structured process for insolvency resolution to improve the ease of doing business.

4,540 cases resolved, recovering ₹2.5 lakh crore as of 2023.

Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)

Transfers subsidies directly to beneficiaries’ bank accounts to reduce – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

₹20.98 lakh crore transferred through DBT schemes.

Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act

Ensures fiscal discipline by setting targets for the government’s fiscal deficit and debt.

Fiscal deficit reduced to 4.5% of GDP by FY 2023.

Disinvestment and FDI Reforms

Encourages private sector participation in public sector units and liberalizes foreign direct investment norms.

Disinvestment target of ₹1.75 lakh crore set for FY 2023; FDI inflows increased to $81.72 billion in 2021-22.

Social

Swachh Bharat Mission

A nationwide campaign to clean up the streets, roads, and infrastructure of India’s cities and rural areas.

Over 100 million toilets built; rural sanitation coverage increased to 100%.

Skill India

Provides skill development training to enhance employability of the workforce.

Over 5 crore people trained under the PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana).

Atal Pension Yojana

Provides pension benefits to workers in the unorganized sector.

4 crore subscribers enrolled as of 2023.

National Pension Scheme (NPS)

A voluntary, defined contribution retirement savings scheme.

4.5 crore subscribers with ₹7.72 lakh crore in assets under – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

Aims to provide affordable housing to the urban poor.

1.12 crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-Urban as of 2023.

Technological

Aadhaar (Unique Identification)

Provides a unique identity to residents, facilitating direct benefit transfers and reducing leakages.

1.3 billion Aadhaar cards issued, reducing leakages in subsidies by – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

E-Governance Projects

Implements e-governance initiatives to improve service delivery and transparency in – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

3.5 billion e-transactions recorded under Digital India in 2023.

BharatNet

Aims to connect all gram panchayats with high-speed internet.

1.5 lakh gram panchayats connected as of 2023.

National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)

Creates a digital health ecosystem to manage health records electronically.

24 million health IDs created by 2023.

UMANG App

Provides a unified platform for accessing government services.

Over 3.75 crore downloads and 2000+ services available as of 2023.

Legal

Right to Information Act (2005)

Empowered citizens to request information from the government, increasing transparency.

4.8 lakh RTI applications filed – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Judicial Reforms

Implementing fast-track courts and e-courts to reduce case backlogs and improve judicial efficiency.

1,800 fast-track courts operational, reducing pendency by 20%.

Data Protection Bill

Aims to protect citizens’ data privacy and regulate data usage by companies.

Bill passed in 2023, aiming to regulate data handling.

Consumer Protection Act (2019)

Strengthens consumer rights and provides mechanisms for redressal.

Over 3.5 lakh cases resolved under the new act.

Lok Adalats (People’s Courts)

Offers alternative dispute resolution to reduce court burden.

1.3 crore cases settled through Lok Adalats in 2023.

Environmental

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

Outlines eight missions focusing on climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Solar capacity increased to 60 GW as part of the Solar Mission.

Namami Gange Programme

Aims to clean and rejuvenate the Ganges River.

₹30,000 crore sanctioned; significant reduction in – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Afforestation and Green India Mission

Promotes afforestation to increase green cover.

1.5 million hectares afforested under the Green India Mission.

National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

Targets reducing air pollution levels across – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

20-30% reduction in particulate matter in 102 cities by 2024.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Requires environmental clearances for large projects to assess and mitigate environmental impacts.

Over 5,000 projects assessed annually for – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Improving Service Delivery

Citizen’s Charters

Outlines service delivery standards for government departments, improving transparency.

Over 1,000 Citizen’s Charters implemented across various departments.

Sevottam Model

Framework for improving public service delivery through standard setting and – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Adopted by multiple government departments to enhance service quality.

Social Audits

Engages community participation in auditing government programs for transparency and accountability.

Conducted in over 6 lakh Gram Panchayats under – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Decentralization

73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992)

Strengthens local governance through Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies.

Over 3 million elected representatives in – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

NITI Aayog

Promotes cooperative federalism and involves states in – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

States’ active involvement in policy planning and execution since its establishment in – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

14th Finance Commission

Increases financial devolution to states for better local governance.

42% share of central taxes devolved to states, enhancing their – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Other Initiatives

Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)

Targets rapid development in underdeveloped districts to improve – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

115 districts identified, with significant improvements in health, education, and infrastructure.

Good Governance Index (GGI)

Ranks states and Union Territories based on governance performance to encourage reforms.

Regular ranking published to promote – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

State

Initiative

Details

Specific Data

Kerala

Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB)

Mobilizes resources for large infrastructure projects.

Over ₹20,000 crore mobilized for infrastructure projects.

Haritha Keralam Mission

Focuses on sustainable development through waste management and water conservation.

Over 1 crore saplings planted and numerous water bodies rejuvenated.

e-District Project

Provides government services digitally for quick and efficient delivery.

Over 1 crore transactions processed through the e-District platform.

Citizen’s Call Center

A 24/7 helpline for information and assistance on government services.

Over 10 lakh calls handled annually.

Maharashtra

Right to Public Services Act

Ensures timely delivery of public services with penalties for non-compliance.

Over 500 services covered under the act.

Aaple Sarkar Portal

Digital platform for accessing a wide range of government services online.

Over 3 crore users registered and millions of services availed.

Maharashtra State Skill Development Society (MSSDS)

Focuses on skill development and vocational training.

Over 10 lakh youth trained and placed.

Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan

A water conservation initiative to make Maharashtra drought-free.

Over 16,000 villages benefited from the program.

Tamil Nadu

Amma Unavagam (Amma Canteens)

Provides subsidized meals to the urban poor.

Over 500 canteens serving lakhs of meals daily.

Amma Maternity Nutrition Kit

Provides nutritional supplements to pregnant women.

Over 10 lakh kits distributed annually.

Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA)

Implements e-governance initiatives for better service delivery.

Over 200 government services available online.

Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme

Provides health insurance to economically weaker– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 1.5 crore beneficiaries– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Karnataka

Sakala

Guarantees timely service delivery and tracks application status– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 1.5 crore applications processed with 98%– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Ksheera Bhagya

Provides free milk to school children to improve nutrition and academic – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 65 lakh children– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Janasevaka

Doorstep delivery service for government– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 1 lakh services delivered at– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Bhoomi

Digitizes land records for transparency in land trans– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 70 lakh land records– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Andhra Pradesh

e-Pragati

A comprehensive e-governance initiative to provide integrated services to– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 400 services integrated under the platform– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

NTR Bharosa Scheme

Provides financial assistance to senior citizens, weavers, and disabled persons.

Over 50 lakh beneficiaries– – – – – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Mana Badi Nadu-Nedu

Aims to transform government schools with improved infrastructure and– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 15,000 schools – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Rajasthan

Bhamashah Yojana

Empowers women and promotes financial inclusion through direct benefit– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 1 crore– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

RajNet

Connects all panchayats and government offices through high-speed – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 11,000 panchayats– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan

Focuses on water conservation and management to ensure water– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 21,000 villages benefited from water conservation – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Gujarat

Mukhyamantri Amrutam (MA) Yojana

Provides health insurance for families below the poverty line.

Over 50 lakh families – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Gujarat Solar Power Policy

Promotes solar energy generation to make Gujarat a – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 9,000 MW of solar power capacity– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Smart Village Initiative

Enhances infrastructure and services in villages to promote rural– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 300 villages transformed into smart– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

West Bengal

Kanyashree Prakalpa

Provides financial aid to girls for education and prevention of early– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 70 lakh girls– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Sabuj Sathi Scheme

Distributes bicycles to school students to promote education and reduce – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 1 crore bicycles– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Utkarsh Bangla

Offers vocational training to improve – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 6 lakh youth– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

.

Uttar Pradesh

Mission Shakti

Focuses on women’s safety, dignity, and – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 1.5 crore women– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Mukhyamantri Arogya Abhiyan

Provides free medical treatment to economically weaker– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

.

Over 1 crore beneficiaries– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

One District One Product (ODOP)

Promotes local crafts and products to boost the economy and create – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Over 1,000 products from various districts– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

A.9. Issues With Government Schemes

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –