Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

A.5. Direct Subsidies

Direct farm subsidies are those that are paid in the form of a direct cash subsidy and are given to farmers directly. In direct subsidies, the beneficiary pays the same price for the product but receives a separate payment for the purchase.

The PM Kisan Scheme, PAHAL in LPG, and agricultural loan waivers are a few examples of direct farm subsidies.

Direct farm subsidies have following benefits and issues – 

Benefits of Direct farm subsidies

  • Direct subsidies aid in boosting farmers’ purchasing power and enhancing the general level of living.
  • Government empowerment through direct cash transfers allows recipients to choose their purchases based on their requirements.
  • Since money is given to beneficiaries directly, it also aids in preventing the misuse of public funds.
  • Direct payments also reduce wasteful resource use. Ex: Farmers will buy fertiliser at full price and only what is required.
  • Farmers can invest the money they get in their businesses as capital.
  • Reduces the expense of the government, releasing funds for storage and transportation.

Issues of Direct farm subsidies

  • Rural communities have inadequate ATM and banking service accessibility and a lack of financial inclusion.
  • The potential for farmers to use the funds for non-farm, wasteful uses.
  • Inflation may result from increased public access to money.
  • May affect the nation’s food security.
  • Important problems like agricultural innovation and market reform went neglected.
  • Problems with beneficiary identification.