Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

B.2. Rationale Behind The Reorganisation Of The Indian States

The reorganisation of states involves balancing administrative, cultural, economic, and political factors. It aims to create a responsive and inclusive framework for governing India’s diverse regions.

[Image: Major factors considered for granting statehood to Indian states]

Linguistic and Cultural affiliations

The reorganisation often takes into account the linguistic and cultural similarities among people in a region. This also helps in better administration and governance.

  • The first linguistic state, Andhra Pradesh, was carved out of Madras in 1953. 
    • The state was formed due to the death of Potti Sreeramulu in December 1952. 
  • Regions like Bodoland in Assam and the tribal areas in Tripura have been demanding separate statehood to preserve their unique cultural identity and for better economic development.

Tribal and Ethnic identities

States like Nagaland were formed considering tribal affiliations. This was done to address the unique cultural and social aspirations of specific communities.

Economic development

Some regions, like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand etc. felt that separate statehood was necessary for economic growth as the existing sta

Administrative viability

States like Uttarakhand were carved out from larger states (in this case, Uttar Pradesh) to ensure better administrative viability and governance.

Security issue

The case of Jammu and Kashmir is a prime example where security issues played a significant role in the reorganisation of the state into two Union Territories – Jammu & Kashmir, and Ladakh.