Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

B.7. Other Geographical Features

Canyons

  • Grand Canyon (USA): A world-renowned canyon carved by the Colorado River, celebrated for its layered bands of colorful rock.
  • Gandikota Canyon(India): Often referred to as the “Grand Canyon of India”, it’s located on the Penna River.

Lakes

  • Caspian Sea (Eurasia): Despite its name, it is the world’s largest lake.
  • Lake Victoria (Africa): The largest lake in Africa and the second-largest freshwater lake in the world.
  • Dal Lake (India): Located in Jammu and Kashmir, it’s known as the “Jewel in the Crown of Kashmir” for its beauty and vibrant houseboats.
  • Chilika Lake (India): Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon, famous for its diverse range of aquatic life and migratory birds.

Hills

  • The Black Hills (North America): A small, isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America.
  • Aravalli Range (India): One of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, running through the western parts of India.
  • Vindhya Range (India): A complex, discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hills, and plateau escarpments in central India.

Volcanoes

  • Mount Vesuvius in Italy, Mount Fuji in Japan, and Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Caves

  • Carlsbad Caverns in the United States, Mammoth Cave in the United States, and Waitomo Glowworm Caves in New Zealand.

Fjords

  • Milford Sound in New Zealand, Geirangerfjord in Norway, and Doubtful Sound in New Zealand.

Coral Reefs

  • The Great Barrier Reef in Australia, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef in the Caribbean, and Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park in the Philippines.

Glaciers

  • Glacier Bay in Alaska, Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina, and Aletsch Glacier in Switzerland.

These are just a few examples, and the world is rich with diverse geographical features that can be found on every continent and in every region. These geographical features contribute to the planet’s unique landscapes and ecosystems and play a crucial role in shaping Earth’s physical geography.