C.1. Redrawal Of National Boundaries
The Thirty Years’ War, one of the deadliest battles in European history, was put to an end by the Treaty of Westphalia, 1648, a peace agreement.
After this Treaty of Westphalia, the idea of national boundaries was born in Europe. The treaty resulted in the Swiss independence from Austria, the Netherlands’ independence from Spain, the German principalities protected their autonomy and several other states also emerged.
Up to the time of Napoleon, Europe was largely at peace. However, The French (and its allies) under Napoleon Bonaparte fought a series of wars against a confederation of European governments during the Napoleonic Wars.
Thus, to bring about peace and reorganize Europe, the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) took place.