C.1. Social and Religious Reform Movements
The Social and Religious Reform Movements in India during the modern era heralded a significant socio-cultural transformation, fundamentally reshaping the nation’s outlook and ethos. These movements, spanning the 18th and 19th centuries, emerged as responses to the prevalent socio-religious orthodoxy, colonial rule, and the challenges posed by modernity. In the backdrop of British colonialism and the stratified social structure of Indian society, these reform movements sought to challenge oppressive norms, promote social equality, and rejuvenate religious practices. The UPSC NCERT notes on Modern History meticulously detail the dynamics, ideologies, and impact of these reform movements, offering a comprehensive understanding of their role in shaping India’s journey towards socio-cultural renewal and eventual independence.