Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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List of All Topics & Subtopics given in UPSC Notes
Sample: New States And Union Territories Created After 1956
Quick Comparison Of The Indian Constitutional With That Of Other Countries
Detailed Comparison Of The Indian Constitution With That Of Other Countries
E-Governance for G2C vs G2E vs G2B vs G2G
Minerals And Energy Resources
Government Measures to prevent Wildlife entry into Human Habitats
DNA Barcoding
Sample: Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0): Present
Types Of Colonization
Sample 1. Art & Culture
Sample 2: Indian History
Sample 3: Doctrine of Lapse Policy
Sample 4: British Expansion Beyond Indian Frontiers
Sample 5: Muslim Socio-Religious Movements and Organisation
Sample 6: India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement
Sample 7: The First War Of Independence (1857)
Sample 8: Early Resistance To British Rule (1757-1857)
Sample: The Gandhian Era (1869-1948): Chronological Overview
Caste system
Diversity vs Inclusion
I.2. Heat Balance
F. Water Resources
Governance: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States
C.2. Supreme Court of India: Historical Background & Constitutional Provisions
C.1. Indian Judiciary
Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections: i. Children
A.1. India’s issues with tackling the menace of Antimicrobial Resistance
A. Issues Relating to Poverty in India
B. Issues relating to Hunger
A.2. Evolution of Governance in India
Data on Important Aspects of Governance
Impact of Poor Governance on Development
A.4. Objectives of Economic Planning
A.5. Need & Indian Efforts For Inclusive Growth
Agriculture Marketing
Key Features of Model Contract Farming Act
Insurgency in Northeast India
Linkages of organized crimes with terrorism
Relation Between Trafficking and Terrorism
Natural Vegetation in India
Aquatic Ecosystem
Other Major Pollution And Pollutants
Biosphere Reserves & Biodiversity Hotspots of India
Dimensions of Ethics
Ethics Case Studies
1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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Overview
A. Visual Art
A.1. Indian Paintings from ancient to modern times
i. Prehistoric Paintings
ii. Mural & Cave Paintings
iii. Medieval Indian Paintings
iv. List of Folk Paintings
v. Modern and Contemporary Art
vi. Folk and Tribal Art
A.2. Pottery
i. Early Pottery Traditions
ii. Evolution of Pottery in Ancient India
iii. Medieval Pottery Traditions
iv. Types of Indian Pottery
v. Famous Pottery Styles and Centers in India
vi. Techniques of Pottery Making in India
vii. Significance and Role of Pottery in Indian Society
viii. Challenges Faced by the Pottery Industry in India
ix. Current Trends and Future of Pottery in India
A.3. Architecture
i. Evolution of Indian Architecture
ii. Indus Valley Architecture
iii. Rock Cut Architecture
iv. Temple Architecture
v. Indo-Islamic Architecture
vi. Types of Architecture
vii. Modern Architecture
viii. Significance of Architecture
ix. Recent developments of Architecture
A.4. Sculpture
i. Features of Indian Sculpture
ii. Indus Valley Civilization Sculpture
iii. Mauryan Empire Sculptures
iv. Post Mauryan Empire Sculptures
v. Sculptures of Medieval India
vi. Modern Indian Sculptures
B. Performing Arts
B.1. Dance
i. Classical Dances of India
ii. Folk Dances of India
B.2. Music
i. Classical Music of India
ii. Comparison of Hindustani Classical Music and Carnatic Classical Music
B.3. Puppetry
B.4. Indian Puppetry in Broader way
i. Origin of Indian Puppetry
ii. Classification of Indian puppetry
iii. String Puppet
iv. Shadow Puppetry
v. Rod Puppetry
vi. Glove Puppetry
B.5. Theatre
B.6. Indian Theatre Forms
i. Classical Sanskrit Theatre
ii. Prominent Sanskrit plays of the ancient period
iii. Main Features of Sankrit plays
iv. Reasons for the decline of Sanskrit Theatre
v. Folk Theatre
B.7. Martial Arts
i. Martial Arts Origin and Evolution
ii. Martial Arts Major Forms in India
iii. Other forms of Martial Arts
iv. Martial Arts Government Initiatives
C. Literary Arts
i. Literature
ii. Ancient Indian Literature
iii. All About Medieval Literature
1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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Overview
A. Visual Art
A.1. Indian Paintings from ancient to modern times
i. Prehistoric Paintings
ii. Mural & Cave Paintings
iii. Medieval Indian Paintings
iv. List of Folk Paintings
v. Modern and Contemporary Art
vi. Folk and Tribal Art
A.2. Pottery
i. Early Pottery Traditions
ii. Evolution of Pottery in Ancient India
iii. Medieval Pottery Traditions
iv. Types of Indian Pottery
v. Famous Pottery Styles and Centers in India
vi. Techniques of Pottery Making in India
vii. Significance and Role of Pottery in Indian Society
viii. Challenges Faced by the Pottery Industry in India
ix. Current Trends and Future of Pottery in India
A.3. Architecture
i. Evolution of Indian Architecture
ii. Indus Valley Architecture
iii. Rock Cut Architecture
iv. Temple Architecture
v. Indo-Islamic Architecture
vi. Types of Architecture
vii. Modern Architecture
viii. Significance of Architecture
ix. Recent developments of Architecture
A.4. Sculpture
i. Features of Indian Sculpture
ii. Indus Valley Civilization Sculpture
iii. Mauryan Empire Sculptures
iv. Post Mauryan Empire Sculptures
v. Sculptures of Medieval India
vi. Modern Indian Sculptures
B. Performing Arts
B.1. Dance
i. Classical Dances of India
ii. Folk Dances of India
B.2. Music
i. Classical Music of India
ii. Comparison of Hindustani Classical Music and Carnatic Classical Music
B.3. Puppetry
B.4. Indian Puppetry in Broader way
i. Origin of Indian Puppetry
ii. Classification of Indian puppetry
iii. String Puppet
iv. Shadow Puppetry
v. Rod Puppetry
vi. Glove Puppetry
B.5. Theatre
B.6. Indian Theatre Forms
i. Classical Sanskrit Theatre
ii. Prominent Sanskrit plays of the ancient period
iii. Main Features of Sankrit plays
iv. Reasons for the decline of Sanskrit Theatre
v. Folk Theatre
B.7. Martial Arts
i. Martial Arts Origin and Evolution
ii. Martial Arts Major Forms in India
iii. Other forms of Martial Arts
iv. Martial Arts Government Initiatives
C. Literary Arts
i. Literature
ii. Ancient Indian Literature
iii. All About Medieval Literature
2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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A. India on the Eve of British Conquest
A.1. Development of the Mughal Empire
i. Development of the Mughal Empire
ii. Later Mughals
iii. Foreign Invasions
iv. Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire
A.2. Rise of Regional Powers
i. Successor States
ii. The New States (Insurgent States)
iii. Independent Kingdoms
iv. Conclusion
A.3. Nadir Shah’s Invasion
i. Nadir Shah
ii. Nadir Shah’s Invasion
iii. Damage on Mughal Empire
A.4. Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasions
B. Modern History
B.1. Social and Economic Conditions in 18th Century
B.2. British Conquest of India
i. Emergence of Capitalism and Imperialism in Europe
ii. Advent of Europeans in India
iii. The Carnatic Wars: Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy
iv. British Conquest of Bengal – Plassey to Buxar (1757-65)
v. Anglo-Mysore Wars: British Conquest of Mysore
vi. Anglo-Maratha Wars: First, Second & Third Anglo Maratha War
vii. British Conquest of Sindh (1843)
viii. British Conquest of Punjab (1849)
ix. Doctrine of Lapse Policy
B.3. British Expansion beyond Indian Frontiers
i. Reasons for British Expansion Beyond Indian Frontiers
ii. Anglo-Nepalese War/Gorkha War (1814-16)
iii. Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1885)
iv. Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839-1919)
v. British Relations with Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet
C. Indian Renaissance and Reform Movements
C.1. Social and Religious Reform Movements
i. Introduction
ii. Classification of Reform Movements
iii. Brahmo Samaj and Raja Ram Mohan Roy
iv. Swami Vivekananda
v. Theosophical Movement
vi. Sikh Reform Movements
vii. Reform Movement Among the Parsis
viii. Other Reform Movements
ix. Prominent Reformers of the 19th Century
x. Caste Movements and Organisation
xi. Socio-Religious Reform Movements and Organisations
xii. Muslim Socio-Religious Movements and Organisation
C.2. Civil Uprisings: Peasant Resistance Against British Rule Before 1857
i. Introduction
ii. Civil Uprisings
iii. Other Civil Uprisings
iv. Important Peasant Movements
v. Conclusion
C.3. Revolt of 1857, Causes, Leaders, Consequences, Reasons of Failure
i. Revolt of 1857 Causes
ii. Revolt of 1857 Events
iii. Revolt of 1857 Leaders
iv. Reasons of Failure of the Revolt of 1857
v. Revolt of 1857 Consequences
D. India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement
E. Modern Indian History Books and Authors
E.1. Growth of modern Indian history books
E.2. Modern Indian History Books and Authors
E.3. Conclusion
F. Conclusion
3. The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors/ contributions from different parts of the country.
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Overview
A. Early Resistance To British Rule (1757-1857)
B. The First War Of Independence (1857)
C. Formative Phase (1885-1905)
D. Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911)
E. The Gandhian Era (1869-1948): Chronological Overview
E.1. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948): Chronological Overview
E.2. Facts About Gandhi
E.3. 11 Principles Of Mahatma Gandhi – Gandhiji’s Vows
E.4. Main Events During The Gandhian Era
F. Subaltern Contributions To The Indian Freedom Struggle
G. Revolutionary Movements In The Indian Freedom Struggle
H. The Indian Freedom Struggle: Conclusion
4. Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
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A. Integration Of Princely States Of India, Reasons, Issues
A.1. Princely States During Independence
A.2. What Were The Problems Of Integration?
A.3. Accession Process
i. Fast-track Integration
ii. Integration of Major States
A.4. Post-Integration Issues
B. Reorganisation Of States: Background, Rationale, Debate
B.1. Background Of State Reorganisation In India
B.2. Rationale Behind The Reorganisation Of The Indian States
B.3. Commissions Related To State Reorganisation
B.4. New States And Union Territories Created After 1956
i. Current Statehood Demands
5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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A. Industrial Revolution: Origin, Impact And Timeline
A.1. Modern Industrialisation
A.2. First Industrial Revolution: 1765
A.3. Second Industrial Revolution: 1870
A.4. Third Industrial Revolution: 1969
A.5. Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0): Present
A.6. Industry 4.0 And India
A.7. Conclusion
B. World Wars
B.1. World War – I
i. Introduction
ii. Timeline
iii. WW1: Causes
iv. World War 1: A Glimpse
v. WW1: Consequences
vi. WW1 and India
B.2. World War – II
i. Introduction
ii. WW2: Timeline
iii. WW2: Causes
iv. WW2: A Glimpse
v. WW2: Aftermath
vi. WW2: Outcomes
vii. World War 2 and India
C. Redrawal Of National Boundaries
C.1. Redrawal Of National Boundaries
C.2. The Congress Of Vienna (1814-15)
C.3. Major Events Before The First World War
C.4. Europe In 1914
i. How WWI changed the map
C.5. World War II And Redrawal Of National Boundaries
C.6. Major Events After WW II
C.7. The Emergence Of New Nations
i. Asia
ii. Middle east
iii. Israel -Palestine conflict
iv. Africa
v. Decolonization of Africa
C.8. Other Important Events
D. Colonization
D.1. Types Of Colonization
D.2. Reasons For Colonization
D.3. Merits Of Colonialism
D.4. Impact Of Colonialism
D.5. Establishment Of Colonies In Asia
D.6. Social And Economic Impact Of Colonialism On India
D.7. Conclusion
E. Decolonization
E.1. Introduction
E.2. Decolonisation: Stages
E.3. Reasons For Decolonisation
E.4. Aspects Of Decolonisation In Various Regions Of The World
E.5. Challenges Associated With Decolonisation
i. Post-colonial organizations
F. Political Philosophies Like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism Etc.- Their Forms And Effect On The Society.
F.1. Political Philosophies: Capitalism
F.2. Political Philosophies: Socialism
F.3. Political Philosophies: Communism
F.4. Conclusion
6. Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
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A. Salient Features Of Indian Society
A.1. What Is a ‘Society’?
A.2. What Are The General Traits Of Indian Society?
A.3. What Are The Salient Features Of Indian Society?
i. Multi-ethnicity
ii. Multilingualism
iii. Multi-religious
iv. Caste system
v. Family, Marriage, and Kinship
vi. Tribalism
vii. Co-existence of traditionalism and modernity
viii. Balance between individualism and collectivism
ix. Balance between spiritualism and materialism
A.4. What Factors Threaten Peace And Harmony In Indian Society?
B. Diversity Of India
B.1. What Is Diversity?
B.2. What Are The Various Manifestations Of Diversity In India?
B.3. What Are The Elements Of Unity In India?
B.4. What Does India Gain Through Its Unity And Diversity?
B.5. What Are The Factors That Threaten India’s Diversity?
B.6. What Are The Existing Mechanisms To Promote Unity And Diversity In India?
B.7. How To Strike A Balance Between Unity And Diversity In India?
7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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A. Role Of Women And Women’s Organizations
A.1. Role Of Women In India
i. How has the role and status of women in India evolved over time?
ii. What is the role of women in Indian society in general?
iii. What is the role of women in Indian politics?
iv. What is the role of women in India’s Economic growth story?
v. What is the role of women in environmental conservation and sustainable development?
vi. What measures could help enhance the role of women?
A.2. Women Organizations In India
i. How did women organizations and feminist movements evolve in India?
ii. What are some of the important women’s organizations in India?
iii. What are the challenges faced by women’s organizations in India?
iv. How can the role of women organizations be enhanced in India?
B. Population And Associated Issues
B.1. Recent Context
B.2. Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Population
B.3. India’s Demographic Dividend
B.4. India-Demographic Data
B.5. Consequences Of Overpopulation
B.6. Current Context Regarding Overpopulation
B.7. Planning In India Associated With Population
B.8. Ethical Consideration For Population Control
B.9. Steps Being Taken By The Government For Population Control:
B.10. International Focus On Population
B.11. Conclusion
C. Poverty And Developmental Issues
C.1. What Is Poverty?
C.2. What Is The Status Of Poverty In India?
C.3. What Are The Distinct Characteristics Of Poverty In India?
C.4. What Are The Factors Contributing To Poverty In India?
C.5. What Are The Developmental Issues Which arise Due To Poverty In India?
C.6. How Is Poverty In India Related To Its Demography?
C.7. What Measures Can Help To Alleviate Poverty In India?
D. Urbanization: Problems And Remedies.
D.1. What Leads To Urbanization?
D.2. Urbanization In India
D.3. Global Scenario
D.4. Significance Of Urbanization
D.5. Drawbacks Of Urbanization
D.6. Government Schemes To Manage Urbanization
D.7. Way Forward
8. Effects of globalization on Indian society.
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Overview
A. Globalisation In India Factors And Causes
B. Globalisation Positive Impact On Indian Society
C. Globalisation Adverse Effects In India
D. Globalisation Measures For Indian Society
9. Social empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism.
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Overview
A. Social Empowerment: From Communalism, Regionalism, To Secularism
A.1. Social Empowerment
A.2. Social Empowerment And Communalism
A.3. Social Empowerment And Regionalism
A.4. Social Empowerment And Secularism
A.5. Secularism in India
A.6. Summary
10. Salient features of the world’s physical geography.
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Overview
A. Physical Geography
B. Geomorphology
B.1. The Earth And Its Evolution
B.2. Origin Of Earth
B.3. Evolution Of Earth
B.4. Interior Of The Earth
B.5. Structure Of The Earth
B.6. Distribution Of Oceans And Continents
B.7. Continental Drift Theory
B.8. Conventional Current Theory
B.9. Concept Of Seafloor Spreading
B.10. Plate Tectonics
B.11. Minerals And Rocks
B.12. Rocks
B.13. Geomorphic Process
B.14. Endogenic Forces
B.15. Exogenic Process
B.16. Landforms
i. Landforms Made By Running Water
ii. Landforms Made By Glaciers
iii. Landforms Made By Groundwater
iv. Landforms Made By Waves And Currents
v. Landforms Made By Winds
C. Climatology
C.1. Atmosphere
C.2. Structure Of The Atmosphere
C.3. Solar Radiation And Heat Budget
C.4. Temperature
C.5. Air Masses
C.6. Fronts
C.7. Extra-Tropical Cyclones
C.8. Tropical Cyclones
C.9. Jet Streams
D. Water In The Atmosphere
D.1. Evaporation And Condensation
D.2. Clouds
D.3. Precipitation
D.4. Types Of Rainfall
D.5. World Climate And Climate Change
E. Oceanography
E.1. Hydrological Cycle
E.2. Relief Of Ocean Floor
E.3. Divisions Of The Ocean Floors
E.4. Other Relief
E.5. The Temperature Of Ocean Waters
i. Salinity In The Ocean Water
E.6. Horizontal And Vertical Distribution Of Salinity
E.7. Movements Of Ocean Water
E.8. Islands And Coral Reefs
i. Types of Islands
ii. Coral reefs
F. Soil Formation
G. Salient Features Of The World’s Physical Geography: Examples
10.1. Physical Geography & Their Features
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A. Geography As A Discipline
B. The Origin & Evolution Of The Earth
B.1. Early Theories
B.2. Modern Theories
C. Interior Of The Earth
C.1. Sources Of Information About The Interior
C.2. Structure Of The Earth
C.3. Volcanoes And Volcanic Landforms
i. Types of volcanoes
ii. Volcanic Landforms
D. Distribution Of Oceans & Continents
D.1. Continental Drift
D.2. Concept Of Seafloor Spreading
D.3. Plate Tectonics
D.4. Movement Of The Indian Plate
E. Minerals And Rocks
E.1. Minerals
E.2. Rocks
F. Geomorphic Processes
F.1. Endogenic Processes
F.2. Exogenic Processes
F.3. Weathering
F.4. Mass Movements
F.5. Soil Formation
G. Landforms And Their Evolution
H. Composition And Structure Of Atmosphere
H.1. Composition Of Atmosphere
H.2. Structure Of The Atmosphere
I. Solar Radiation, Heat Balance And Temperature
I.1. Solar Radiation
I.2. Heat Balance
I.3. Temperature
J. Atmospheric Circulation And Weather Systems
K. Water In The Atmosphere
L. World Climate And Climate Change
L.1. Koeppe N ’s Scheme Of Classification Of Climate
M. Water (Oceans)
M.1. Relief Of The Ocean Floor
N. Movements Of Ocean Water
O. Life On The Earth
P. Biodiversity And Conservation
10.2. Introduction to Maps
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A. Maps
11. Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
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A. Distribution Of Key Natural Resources Across The World (Including South Asia And The Indian Sub-Continent)
A.1. Natural Resources
A.2. Distribution Of Key Natural Resources
i. Minerals and metals
ii. Energy Resources/Fossil Fuels
iii. Nuclear Energy Resources
iv. Renewable Energy Resources
v. Other Natural Resources
B. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Primary, Secondary And Tertiary Sector Industries In Various Parts Of The World (Including India)
B.1. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Industries
B.2. Primary Sector Industries
B.3. Secondary Sector Industries
B.4. Tertiary Sector Industries
B.5. Geographical Factors
B.6. Non-Geographical Factors
B.7. Industrial System
B.8. Industrialization And Urbanization
B.9. Agglomeration Economies
B.10. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Industries In India
11.1. Geography (India, People and Economy)
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A. Population: Distribution, Density, Growth And Composition
A.1. Population Composition
B. Migration : Types, Causes And Consequences
C. Human Development
D. Human Settlements
D.1. Functional Classification of Towns
E. Land Resources And Agriculture
E.1. Land Use Categories
E.2. Land-Use Changes In India
E.3. Agricultural Land Use In India
E.4. Common Property Resources
E.5. Cropping Seasons In India
F. Water Resources
G. Minerals
G.1. Mineral And Energy Resources
H. Manufacturing Industries
H.1. Types Of Industries
H.2. Location Of Industries
H.3. Industrial Regions And Districts
H.4.Major Industries
H.5. Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization (LPG) And Industrial Development
I. Planning And Sustainable Development In Indian Context
J. Transport And Communication
K. International Trade
L. Geographical Perspective On Selected Issues And Problems
12. Important Geophysical phenomena such as Earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, Cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including Waterbodies and Ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
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A. Important Geophysical Phenomena Such As Earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic Activity
A.1. Earthquakes
i. Seismic waves come in different types
A.2. Tsunami
A.3. Cyclone
i. The key elements and processes involved in the concept of a cyclone
ii. Types of Cyclones
B. Geographical Features And Their Location
B.1. Mountain Ranges Of The World
B.2. River Systems
B.3. Oceans Of The World And Associated Features
B.4. Plateaus Of The World
B.5. Major Plains Of The World
B.6. Major Straits Of The World
B.7. Other Geographical Features
B.8. Conclusion
C. Changes In Critical Geographical Features (Including Waterbodies And Ice-Caps) And In Flora And Fauna And The Effects Of Such Changes.
C.1. Critical Geographical Features And Changes
i. Mountains
ii. Water bodies
iii. Groundwater
iv. Ocean
C.2. Glaciers And Ice-Caps
C.3. Flora And Fauna
C.4. Changes In Flora
i. Grasslands
ii. Forest
iii. Mangrove
C.5. Changes In Fauna
12.1. India: Physical Environment
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A. India– Location
B. Structure And Physiography
B.1. Physiography
C. Drainage System
C.1. The Himalayan Drainage
C.2. The Peninsular Drainage System
D. Climate
D.1. Factors Determining The Climate Of India
D.2. The Rhythm Of Seasons
E. Natural Vegetation
E.1. Types Of Forests
E.2. Forest Cover In India
E.3. Forest Conservation
E.4. Wildlife Conservation In India
E.5. Biosphere Reserves
F. Soils
G. Natural Hazards And Disasters
G.1. Natural Disasters And Hazards In India
G.2. Disaster Management
12.2. Human Geography
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A. Human Geography (Nature And Scope)
B. The World Population Distribution, Density And Growth
B.1. Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Population
B.2. Patterns Of Population Distribution In The World
B.3. Density Of Population
B.4. Population Growth
C. Population Composition
D. Human Development
E. Primary Activities
F. Secondary Activities
F.1. Manufacturing
F.2. Classification Of Manufacturing Industries
G. Tertiary And Quaternary Activities
G.1. Tertiary Activities
G.2. People Engaged In Tertiary Activities
G.3. Quaternary Activities
H. International Trade
H.1. History Of International Trade
H.2. Gateways Of International Trade
I. Human Settlements
I.1. Types And Patterns Of Settlements
i. Rural Settlements
ii. Urban Settlements
I.2. Classification Of Towns On The Basis Of Forms
GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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B. Issues and challenges pertaining to federal structure
B.1. What is Federalism?
B.2. Federal Structure of India
B.3. Provisions in the Constitution to Ensure Federal structure
B.4. Issues and Challenges Pertaining to Federal Structure
C. Devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
C.1. Devolution of powers and finances up to local levels
C.2. Devolution of Powers
C.3. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act
i. Introduction
ii. Evolution of the Panchayati Raj System
iii. Constitutional provisions of the Amendment
iv. Objectives of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
v. Essential features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
vi. Compulsory and voluntary provisions
vii. The three-tier structure
vii. The three-tier structure
viii. Flaws in the Amendment
C.4. 74th Constitutional Amendment Act
i. Historical Background
ii. Objectives – 74th Constitutional Amendment Act
iii. Constitutional Provisions – 74th Constitutional Amendment Act
iv. Salient Features – 74th Constitutional Amendment Act
v. Significance of 74th Amendment Act
vi. Evaluation
C.5. Challenges
C.6. Finance Commission (Devolution of Power)
C.7. Parastatals (Autonomous/semi-autonomous institutions)
C.8. Urban Local Finance
C.9. Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996
C.10. Urban local government
C.11. Rural local finance
C.12. Special Provisions for some states
A. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States
A.1. Functions and Responsibilities of the Union
A.2. Functions and responsibilities of the state
3. Separation of powers between various organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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A. Separation of Powers between various organs
A.2.Constitutional Provisions
A.3. Need For Separation of Power
A.4. Functional Overlap Among Organs of the Government
i. Overlapping Powers of Legislature
ii. Overlapping Powers of The Executive
iii. Overlapping Powers of The Judiciary
A.5. Issues with Functional Overlapping
A.6. Checks and balances
A.7. Judicial Pronouncements on Separation of powers
A.1. Meaning of Separation of Powers
A.9. Conclusion
A.8. Comparison of Separation of Powers in USA
B. Dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions
B.1. Dispute redressal- Indian scenario
B.2. Dispute redressal mechanisms
i. Administrative Tribunal
ii. National Company Law Tribunal
iii. Single Tribunal for Inter-State Water Disputes
iv. National Green Tribunal
v. Gram Nyayalaya
vi. Lok Adalat
vii. Arbitration And Conciliation
B.3. Institutional mechanism for dispute redressal
5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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A. Parliament and State Legislatures: What does the Constitution provide?
B. Parliament and State Legislatures – Structure, Functions and Significance
B.1. Role of Indian Parliament in Democracy
B.2. Constitutional Framework of the Indian Parliament
B.3. Structure and Functioning of the Indian Parliament
B.4. Electoral Mechanism of Lok Sabha in Indian Parliament
i. Territorial Constituencies in Lok Sabha Elections
ii. Merits and Demerits of the First Past the Post System
iii. Comparing Proportional Representation and First Past the Post System
iv. Duration and Retirement Process of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in the Indian Parliament (Article – 83)
v. Membership Qualifications for Indian Parliament (Article – 84)
vi. Disqualification Criteria for Membership in the Indian Parliament
vii. Defection Disqualification in the Indian Parliament
viii. Other important topics of parliament
ix. Presiding Officers of the Indian Parliament
x. Safeguards for the Independence of the Speaker’s Office in the Indian Parliament
xi. Leadership Roles and Responsibilities in the Indian Parliament
B.5. Parliamentary Sessions in India
i. Lapsing of Bills in the Indian Parliament
ii. Quorum in the Indian Parliament
iii. Lame Duck Session: Transition Period in the Indian Parliament
iv. Termination Procedures in the Indian Parliament: Adjournment vs. Prorogation
v. Linguistic Practices in the Indian Parliament: Hindi, English, and Mother Tongues
vi. Participation Rights of Ministers and the Attorney General in the Indian Parliament (Art. 76)
vii. Key Parliamentary Procedures in the Indian Parliament
B.6. Various Motions in the Indian Parliament: Procedures, Significance, and Implications:
i. Differences of Censure and No- confidence Motion
ii. Distinguishing Between Public and Private Bills in the Indian Parliament
iii. Differentiating Between Ordinary Bills and Money Bills: Legislative Procedures in the Indian Parliament
iv. Multifunctional Role and Powers of the Indian Parliament
v. Comparison between Parliamentary Committees and Parliamentary Forums in the Indian Parliament
6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
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A. The Union Executive
A.1. Parliamentary form of Government
A.2. The President (Article 52)
A.3. Procedure for impeachment of the President: Article 61
A.4. Privileges of the President: Article 361
A.5. Powers of the President
i. Position of the President
A.6. The Vice President (Article 63)
A.7. The Council of Ministers
A.8. Appointment of Prime Minister
A.9. The Attorney-General of India
A.10. Conclusion
B. The State Executive
C.Judiciary
C.1. Indian Judiciary
C.2. Supreme Court of India
i. Supreme Court – Historical Background
ii. Supreme Court – Constitutional Provisions
iii. Composition and Appointment
iv. Evolution of Collegium System
v. Qualifications, Oath and Salaries
vi. Seat, Tenure and Impeachment of Judges
vii. Supreme Court – Jurisdiction and Power
C.3. High Court
i. High Courts – Historical Background
ii. High Courts – Constitutional Provisions
iii. Strength of a High Courts
iv. Appointment of High Court Judges
v. Cases Regarding the Appointment of Judges of the High Court
vi. Qualifications, Oath and Salaries
vii. Tenure, Impeachment and transfer of Judges
viii. Independence of the High Court
ix. Jurisdiction and Powers of the High Courts
x. How many High Courts are there in India?
C.4. Sub-ordinate courts
i. Subordinate Courts – Constitutional Provisions
ii. Articles Related to Subordinate Courts
D. Independence of Judiciary
D.1. Introduction
D.2. Independence of judiciary in India
D.3. The meaning of independence with respect to the judiciary
D.4. Independence of the judiciary and the rule of law
D.5. Independence of the judiciary : international perspective
D.6. Constitutional provisions
D.7. Appointment of Judges
D.8. Relevant rulings where the independence of the Indian Judiciary has been challenged
D.9. Is India’s judicial independence at stake
8. Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies
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Overview
A. President of India
B. Vice President of India
C. Prime Minister
D. Council of Ministers
E. Governor of States
F. Chief Justice of India (CJI) and Judges of the Supreme Court
G. Election Commission of India
H. Union Public Service Commission
I. State Public Service Commission
I.1. Powers
J. Finance Commission
K. Goods and Services Tax Council
L. Attorney General for India
M. Comptroller and Auditor General of India
N. National Commission for Scheduled Castes
O. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
P. National Commission for Backward Classes
Q. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
R. Advocate General
9. Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-Judicial bodies
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A. Constitutional Bodies
B. Non-Constitutional Bodies (copy)
x. State Public Service Commission
viii. Special officer for Linguistic Minorities
vii. National Commission for Backward Classes
vi. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
viii. Special officer for Linguistic Minorities (copy)
ix. Union Public Service Commission
A.1. List of Constitutional Bodies
i. Attorney General of India
ii. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
iii. Election Commission
iv. Finance Commission
v. National Commission for Scheduled Castes
B.1. Statutory Bodies
i. Regulatory Bodies
ii. Quasi-Judicial Bodies
B.2. Non-Statutory Bodies
i. Non statutory Bodies
ii. Statutory Vs Non-Statutory
iii. Conclusion
10. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
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A. Development of India during the 1950s to 1980s
A.1. Introduction of mixed economy
A.2. Land reforms in India
A.3. Agricultural reforms in India
B. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Recent Years
B.1. Social Sector Development
B.2. Major Governmental Interventions in the Social Sector in Recent Years
i. Health
ii. Education
iii. Rural Development
iv. Urban Development
v. Women And Child Development
vi. Skill Development
vii. Social Security
C. Issues arising out of the Implementation of Government Policies
D. Challenges in the Implementation and Design of Government Policies
E. Factors to consider while designing Government Policies
11. Development Processes and the Development Industry- the Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
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Overview
A. Development Processes and the Development Industry
B. Dimensions of Development
C. Civil Societies
D. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
D.1. Types of NGOs
E. Self Help Groups
E.1. Examples of Self-Help Groups
F. Micro Finance Institutions
F.1. Types of MFIs
G. Societies, Trusts, Donors, Charities, and other Stakeholders
G.1. Societies
G.2. Trusts, Religious endowments, and Waqfs
H. Conclusion
12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
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A. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States
A.1. Introduction
A.2. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections
i. Children
ii. Persons with Disabilities
iii. Senior citizens
iv. Women
v. Transgenders
vi. Poor
vii. Street vendors
viii. Homeless
ix. Others
B. Performance of the Welfare Schemes
B.1. Positives
B.2. Negatives
C. Way forward
D. Mechanisms to protect the interests of Vulnerable Sections
D.1. Firstly, who are the vulnerable sections?
D.2. Mechanisms to protect the interests of Vulnerable Sections
D.3. Laws for the Development and Betterment of Vulnerable Sections
D.4. Constitutional Provisions for Vulnerable Sections
i. Constitutional Provisions relevant to Social Justice & Empowerment as a whole
ii. Constitutional Provisions Relating to SCs
iii. Constitutional Provisions relating to Socially & Educationally Backward Classes (OBCs)
iv. Constitutional Provisions Relating to Persons with Disability and the Old
v. Constitutional Provisions Relating to Prevention of Substance Abuse
vi. Constitutional Provisions Relating to Children
vii. Constitutional Provisions Relating to Women
viii. Some General Provisions
D.5. Statutory Provisions for Vulnerable Sections
D.6. Institutions for the Development of Vulnerable Sections
D.7. Bodies for the Development of Vulnerable Sections
i. Statutory Bodies for Vulnerable Sections
13. Issues relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
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A. Health Sector
A.1. India’s issues with tackling the menace of Antimicrobial Resistance
A.2. Disease Burden of India
A.3. Government Initiatives
A.4. What are the steps to ensure good health outcomes in India?
B. Education
B.1. Status of Literacy Rates in India
B.2. Various reports on the Education sector in India
i. ASER Report
ii. The Subramanian Panel report
B.3. Government Initiatives to Boost the Education Sector in India
C. Human Resources
C.1. Issues relating to Development of Human Resources
C.2. Government Schemes relating to the development of Human Resources
D. Conclusion
14. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
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A. Issues Relating to Poverty in India
A.1. What is poverty?
A.2. Status of poverty in India
A.3. What are the various outcomes of poverty?
A.4. Poverty Estimation
i. What is poverty line?
ii. Limitations of poverty line estimation
iii. How has poverty estimation evolved in India?
A.5. What are the various indices to measure poverty?
i. Global Indicators
ii. National Indicators
A.6. What are the various government initiatives to alleviate poverty in India?
A.7. Extra suggestions by Team Mindplan
B. Issues relating to Hunger
B.1. What is hunger?
B.2. What is food insecurity and how is it linked to hunger?
B.3. What is malnutrition, and what are its manifestations?
B.4. What are the various indicators used to measure hunger?
i. Global Hunger Index
ii. Other global indicators
B.5. What are the causes of hunger in India?
B.6. What are the consequences of the prevalence of hunger in India?
B.7. What are the various government initiatives to tackle hunger in India?
B.8. What steps can pave the way for the elimination of hunger in India?
16. Role of Civil Services in a Democracy
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A. Difference between Indian Civil Services and American Civil Services
B. Advantages of Indian Civil Services System
C. Role of Civil Services in Indian Democracy
D. Constitutional Provisions Related to Civil Services in India
E. The Conflict Between Civil Servant and Minister Relationship
F. Importance of Civil Services in Modern Day Democracy
G. Evolution of Civil Service in India
G.1. Classification of Services
H. Role of Civil Services in the Post-Liberalization era in India
I. Why Civil Service Reforms Need
J. Indian Civil Services Bottlenecks
K. Recent Reforms
L. Key Features of New Reforms
Overview
18. Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests.
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Overview
A. Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests.
A.1. Historical Background of India’s Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings
A.2. Bilateral Groupings and Agreements
A.3. Some of the Global Groupings
A.4. Some of the Regional Groupings
17. India and its neighborhood relations
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A. India and its Neighborhood Relations
A.1. India’s Neighbourhood First Policy
A.2 Purpose of India’s Neighbourhood First Policy
i. Connectivity
ii. Cooperation in Economic Sector
iii. Cooperation in Disaster Management
iv. Cooperation in Military and Defense
A.3. India-Bangladesh Relations
A.4. India-Pakistan Relations
A.5. India-China Relations
A.6. India-Nepal Relations
A.7. India-Bhutan Relations
A.8. India-Sri Lanka Relations
A.9. India-Maldives Relations
A.10. India-Afganistan Relations
A.11. India and its Neighbourhood Relations: Conclusion
19. Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests, Indian Diaspora.
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Overview
A. Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests
A.1. The Current Situation in the International Arena
A.2. Effect of Policies and Politics of the World on India
A.3. China and India’s Development Strategies
A.5. India’s Foreign Policy towards China and Pakistan
A.6. India growing closer to Small Island Countries
A.7. India and G-20 Presidency
A.8. Effect of Policies and Politics of Developing Nations on India
GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
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A. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning
A.1. Definition of the term Economy
A.2. Indian Economy in different phases
A.3. Economic Planning
A.4. Objectives of Economic Planning
A.5. Issues Related to Economic Planning
B. Indian Economy issues relating to mobilization of resources
B.1. Mobilization of Resources
B.2. Types of Resources of India
B.3. Mobilization of Natural Resources
B.4. Mobilization of Human Resources
B.5. Mobilization of Financial Resources
B.6. State Finance Concerns
B.7. Important Issues with mobilization of resources in the Indian Economy
C. Indian Economy and issues relating to Growth
D. Indian Economy and issues relating to development
E. Indian Economy and Issues Relating to Employment
F. Conclusion
2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
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A. Inclusive growth
A.1. Features of Inclusive Growth
A.2. Elements of Inclusive Growth
A.3. Challenges
A.4. Measurement of inclusive growth
A.5. Indian efforts for inclusive growth
A.6. Concept of Green Growth
3. Government Budgeting.
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C. Union Budget of India
D. Key Facts about the Union Budget of India
G. Components of Government Budget
G.1. Revenue Budget
i. Revenue Receipts
ii. Revenue Expenditure
G.2. Capital Budget
4. Major crops – cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems – storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
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D. E-technology in the aid of farmers.
D.1 Introduction
D.2. Government Initiatives to aid farmers
i. Other State level Initiatives
D.3. Constrains in e-technology implementation
D.4. The Impact of information and communication technology in agriculture
D.5. Way forward for Digital Agriculture in India
C. Storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints
C.1. Storage and Warehousing
i. Storage
ii. Warehousing
iii. Warehousing in India
iv. Cold Storage
v. Schemes related to Storage in India
C.2. Transport
C.3. Agriculture Marketing
i. Types of Agricultural Marketing
ii. Significance of Agriculture Marketing
iii. Issues pertaining to Agriculture Markets in India
iv. Regulation of Agricultural Marketing
v. Other Government Measures to improve Agricultural Marketing in India
C.4. Way Forward
5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
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A. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices
A.1. What are farm subsidies?
A.2. Agricultural subsidies in India
A.3. Need for farm subsidies
A.4. Types of Agriculture Subsidies
A.5. Direct Subsidies
A.6. Indirect Subsidies
A.7. Issues related to farm subsidies in general
A.8. International issues caused by subsidies
A.9. Measures and suggestions to tackle the issues
A.10. International measures
A.11. Minimum Support Price
A.12. Conclusion
E. Economics of Animal-Rearing
E.1. What is animal rearing?
E.2. What are the different components of economics of animal rearing in India?
E.3. What is the significance of animal rearing in India?
E.4. What are the challenges with animal rearing?
E.5. What are the government schemes for the development of animal rearing?
E.6. What should be the way forward?
D. Technology missions
D.1. Recent Technology Missions
D.2. Earlier technology missions
D.3. Technology Mission on Literacy
6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
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A. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
A.1. Processes in a food processing industry
A.2. Products in the food processing industry
A.3. Why are food processing industries significant?
A.4. Scope and Significance of Food Processing Industries in India
i. Location of food industries in India
A.5. Major segments of food processing
A.6. Upstream and Downstream requirements of food processing industries
A.7. Supply Chain Management
A.8. Obstacles in the growth of food processing Industries
A.9. Government Initiatives
A.10. Major Schemes by the Government
A.11. Boards and Institutions
A.12. The Present Status and Future of Food Processing Industries in India
A.13 Revolutions related to Food Production
9. Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
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A. Infrastructure
A.1. Types of Infrastructure
A.2. Significance of Infrastructure
B. Infrastructure Energy
B.1. Recent Initiatives
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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D. Developments in Science and Technology in Modern India
12. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
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A. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
A.1. The decade of the 1950s
A.2. The decade of 1960s
A.3. Decade of 1970s
A.4. Decade of 1980s
A.5. Decade of 1990s
A.6. Decade of 2000s
A.7. Decade of the 2010s
A.8. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology: Conclusion
13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
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A. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology
A.1. Information Technology
i. Need For Awareness in the field of IT
A.2. Space
i. Few Indian space missions
ii. Few Space missions by foreign agencies
A.3. Computers
i. Types of Computers
ii. Recent Developments
A.4. Robotics
i. Key Technologies In The Field Of Robotics
ii. Recent Developments
A.5. Nanotechnology
i. Applications
ii. Recent Developments
A.6. Biotechnology
i. Applications
ii. Recent Developments
A.7. Conclusion
14. Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
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A. Conservation
A.1. Wildlife conservation
A.2. Wildlife Conservation Projects
A.3. Various Wildlife Conservation Projects
A.4. Conclusion
A.5. Environmental conservation
C. Environmental impact assessment.
C.1. What is Environmental Impact Assessment?
C.2. Evolution & History of EIA
C.3. Objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment
C.4. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process
C.5. Importance of Environmental Impact Assessment
C.6. Current EIA Reports – India
i. Environmental Impact Assessment In India
ii. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006
iii. Some of the major changes over the years are
16. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
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A. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
A.1. Under development and left-wing extremism
A.2. Evolution of left-wing extremism
A.3. Insurgency in Northeast India
A.4. Relation between development and extremism
A.5. Counter actions against extremism
A.6. Development and extremism: Current situation
A.7. Government initiatives for regions affected by extremism
A.8. Development and decline of extremism
A.9. Way forward
19. Security challenges and their management in border areas; -linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
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A. Security challenges and their management in border areas
A.1. Background- About Indian Borders
A.2. India’s borders with its neighbouring countries
A.3. Coastal security
A.4. Significance of border management
A.5. Challenges In Border Management
A.6. Consequences Of Poor Border Management
A.7. What Should be Done?
A.8. Steps Taken
i. The “One Border, One Force” principle
ii. Schemes launched for improved border management
A.9. Conclusion
B. Linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
B.1. What are organized crimes?
B.2. Terrorism
B.3. Differences between organized crimes and terrorism:
B.4. Linkages of organized crimes with terrorism
B.5. Linkages between organized crimes and terrorism in India
B.6. Global efforts to curb organized crimes and terrorism
B.7. Challenges
B.8. Conclusion and Way Forward
GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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C. Terrestrial Ecosystem
C.1. Tundra
C.2. Forest Ecosystem
i. Indian Forest Types
C.3. Grassland Ecosystem
i. Types of Grasslands
ii. Role of fire
C.4. Desert Ecosystem
C.5. Deforestation
C.6. Desertification
C.7. Afforestation
C.8. State Of The World’s Forests (SOFO)
D. Aquatic Ecosystem
D.1. Aquatic Organisms
D.2. Factors Limiting The Productivity Of Aquatic Habitats
D.3. Lake Ecology
D.4. Eutrophication
D.5. Wetland Ecosystem
D.6. Estuary Ecosystem
D.7. Mangroves
D.8. Coral Reefs
D.9. Coral Bleaching
D.10. Key Initiatives To Protect Marine And Coastal Environments
E. Environmental Pollution
E.1. Introduction
E.2. Air Pollution
E.3. Other Major Pollution And Pollutants
E.4. Bioremediation
E.5. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
E.6. Thermal Pollution
E.7. Light Pollution
E.8. Plastic Pollution
E.9. Environmental Pollution And Health
E.10. Acid Rain
M. Protected Area Network
M.1. Introduction
M.2. Wildlife Protection Act 1972
M.3. WildLife Sanctuary (WLS)
M.4. Conservation Reserve and Community Reserves
M.5. Other Protected Areas
M.6. The Man and Biosphere
M.7. Biodiversity Spots
M.8. Marine MegaFauna Stranding Guidelines
N. Conservation Efforts
N.1. Project Tiger
N.2. Tiger Reserve
N.3. Innovations In the 2010 National Tiger assessment
N.4. Project Lion
N.5. Project Elephant
N.6. Monitoring Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) Programme
N.7. Project Vulture
N.8. Project One Horn Rhino
N.9. Project Snow Leopard
N.10. Secure Himalaya
N.11. Sea Turtle Project
N.12. Indian Crocodile Conservation Project
N.13. Project Hangul
N.14. Dolphins
N.15. Government Measures to prevent Wildlife entry into Human Habitats
N.16. National Wildlife Action Plan
N.17. DNA Barcoding
N.18. Conservation Classification of Species
O. Climate Change
O.1. Introduction
O.2. Global Warming
O.3. Greenhouse Effect
O.4. Green House Gases
O.5. Climate Forcings
O.6. Global Warning Potential
O.7. Receding Glaciers-A Symptom of Global Climate Change
O.8. Climate Tipping
P. Ocean Acidification
P.1. CO2 Effect On Ocean Acidification
P.2. Local Influences on Ocean Acidification
P.3. Effect of Ocean Acidification
P.4. Mitigation
P.5. Saturation Horizons
P.6. Ocean acidification and the short and long-term fate of carbon in the system
P.7. Effects on Marine Plants
R. Impact Of Climate Change
R.1. Agriculture and Food Security
R.2. Water Stress and Water Insecurity
R.3. Ecosystem and Biodiversity
R.4. Climate Change and Health
R.5. Rise in Sea Levels
R.6. Impacts on Coastal States in India
S. Mitigation Strategies
S.1. Carbon Sequestration
S.2. Carbon Sink
i. The three main steps of carbon capture and storage (CCS)
ii. Ways to Tackle Carbon: Understanding the Options
iii. Geologic Sequestration Trapping Mechanisms
S.3. Carbon Credit
S.4. Carbon Offsetting
S.5. Carbon Tax
S.6. Geo-Engineering
i. Geoengineering to Stop Global Warming
ii. How Captured CO2 Can be Used
T. Climate Change Organizations
T.1. UNFCCC
T.2. Kyoto Protocol (KP): COP-3
T.3. Climate-Smart Agriculture
T.4. Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (Pcc)
T.5. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (NGGIP)
T.6. Green Economy
T.7. Bali Meet
T.8. Cop 15 Copenhagen Summit
T.9. COP 16 Cancun Summit
T.10. Cop 17 Durban Summit
T.11. Doha Outcomes Cop 18 2012
T.12. Warsaw Outcomes Cop 19 2013
T.13. Lima Outcomes Cop 20 2014
T.14. Paris Climate Change Conference Cop 21 2015
T.15. Marrakech Climate Change Conference – Cop 22 2016
T.16. Bonn Climate Change Conference – Cop 23, 2017
T.17. COP 24, 2018
T.18. Glasgow COP 26 Outcomes
T.19. Sharm El-Sheikh COP 27 Outcomes
T.20. Other Mechanisms of UNFCCC
T.21. REDD & REDD+
T.22. The GEF
T.23. Global Climate Finance Architecture
V. Act and Policies
V.1. Wildlife Protection Act 1972
V.2. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
V.3. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
V.4. The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006
V.5. Green Highways Policy, 2015
V.6. Chemical Safety
V.7. Coastal Regulation Zone, 2011
V.8. Island Protection Zone Notification, 2011
V.9. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.10. Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Its Salient Features
V.11. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.12. Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.13. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.14. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.15. Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017
Y. International Environmental Convention
Y.1. Major Environmental International Conventions
Y.2. United Nations Conference on Environment And Development (UNCED)
Y.3. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Y.4. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
Y.5. COP 11 Hyderabad
Y.6. Ramsar Convention On Wetlands
Y.7. CITES
Y.8 Other Major Environmental Conventions
Z. Environment Issues and Health Effects
Z.1. Toxicology Effects
Z.2. Diseases Caused By Environmental Degradation
Z.3. The National Wastelands Development Board (NWDB)
GS4
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8. Ethics Case Studies
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Case Study – 1: Call of Duty
Case Study – 2: Public duty
Case Study – 3: Corruption nexus
Case Study – 4: Rule of Law
Case Study – 5: Mob Lynching
Case Study – 6: Environmental and Human Rights
Case Study – 7 Ethical values
Case Study – 8: National Security
Case Study – 9: Privatization of public services
Case Study – 10: Public Safety
Case Study – 11: Emotional Intelligence
Case Study – 12: Development
Case Study – 13 : Fair Elections
Case Study – 14 : Resident Welfare Association (RWA)
Case Study – 15 : Sexual Harassment
Case Study – 16 : HIV
Case Study – 17 : Experimental Drugs
Case Study – 18: Refugee Settlement
Case Study – 19 : Right to be Forgotten
Case Study – 20: Environmental Impact Assessment
Case Study – 21: Duty
Case Study – 22 : Pilgrimage Centre
Case Study – 23: Encounter Killings
Case Study – 24 : HIV Positive Employee
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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Introduction
1. Motion & Measurements
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i. Motion and Measurement of Time: Method, Types & Evolution
ii. Motion & Measurement of Length: Physics, Method, Standard Unit & Diversity
iii. Motion Dynamics: Types, Measurement Method & Spectrum of Movement
iv. Graphical Representation of Motion: Distance-Time & Velocity-Time Graphs
v. Equations of Motion & Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
v.1. Equations of Motion: Understanding the Dynamics of Velocity, Acceleration, and Distance in Linear Motion
v.2. Understanding the Dynamics of Circular Motion: From Acceleration to Equations of Motion (Uniform Circular)
vi. Force and Laws of Motion: Balanced & Unbalanced Forces, Inertia of Mass
vii. Laws of Motion: Newton’s Law & Mathematical Explanation
vii.1. Impact of Unbalanced Forces in the Second Law of Motion
vii.2. The Mathematical Correlation: Exploring the Second Laws of Motion and Its Real-life Dynamics
vii.3. Balancing Forces: Exploring the Dynamics of Newton’s Third Laws of Motion
viii. Gravitation: Newton’s Laws & Universal Movement of Celestial Bodies
viii.1. Newton’s Laws and Celestial Forces
viii.2. Unlocking the Mysteries of Gravitation: The Universal Law Revealed
ix. Universal Law of Gravitation: Significance, Value, & Celestial Forces
ix.1. Newton’s Universal Law and Its Cosmic Significance
x. Mass and Weight: Fundamental Concepts in Physics
x.1. Dynamics of Mass and Weight in Physics
xi. Work and Energy: Mechanical Dynamics in Physics
xi.1. Fundamental Concepts of Work and Energy
xii. Forms of Energy & Work: Conservation, Transformation and Dynamics
xii.1. Understanding Transformations and Forms of Energy
xii.2. Energy: From the Sun to Scientific Definitions and Measurements
xii.3. How do objects shape and transform the various Forms of Energy, including Kinetic and Potential Energies?
xiii. The Law of Conservation of Energy: Definition, Types of Energy & Measurement
xiii.1. Unchanging Force: The Law of Conservation of Energy
xiv. Force and Pressure: Effects on Motion and Shape
xiv.1. Force and Pressure: Impact on Motion and Structures
xiv.2. Contact Forces: Friction, Motion, Force and Pressure interaction
xiv.3. Non-contact Forces: Magnet Experiments and Electrostatic Influences
xv. Fluid Dynamics: Thrust, Pressure, Buoyancy, and Atmospheric Forces in Action
xv.1. Fluid Dynamics in Action: Exploring Thrust, Pressure, and Real-Life applications
xv.2. How is Pressure exerted by Liquids and Gases in Fluid Dynamics?
xv.3. Atmospheric Pressure: A Fluid Dynamics Perspective
xv.4. Buoyancy in Fluid Dynamics: Forces Behind Floating Objects
xv.5. Why do objects Float or Sink in Fluid Dynamics?
xv.6. Conclusion
xvi. Archimedes’ Principle: Forces of Fluids and Buoyancy
xvi.1. Archimedes’ Principle in Fluid Mechanics
xvii. Power of Frictional Force: Dynamics, Factors, and Impact in Our World
xvii.1. Frictional Force: Shaping Efficiency, Motion, and Stability in Everyday Life
xviii. Friction: Dual Forces shaping everyday Life, Efficiency and Design
xviii.1. Dual Nature of Friction in Daily Life
xviii.2. Conclusion
xix. The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
2. Light
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i. Light: Laws of Reflection, Types, and Optical Law
ii. Reflection of Light: Understanding Spherical Mirrors and Their Optical Secrets
iii. Reflections: Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors through Ray Diagrams
iii.1. How is the formation of images by Spherical Mirrors illustrated through Ray Diagrams?
iii.2. Mirror Magic: Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
iv. Spherical Lens Dynamics: Refraction, Focus, and Optical Design
iv.1. How does the Spherical Lens Shape Impact Light Refraction?
iv.2. Spherical Lens Image Formation: Illuminating Perspectives through Ray Diagrams
v. Refraction Of Light: Medium, Density, Speed, & Law
v.1. Introduction: Bending the Light: the Magic of Refraction of Light in Different Mediums
v.2. Conclusion
vi. Natural Light Phenomena: Refraction, Rainbows, & Atmospheric Refraction
vi.1 Prism Play: Light Phenomena through Refraction Magic
vi.2. Conclusion
vii. Human Eye: Definition, Structure, Function & Parts
vii.1. Introduction to The Human Eye as Your Window to the Colorful World
vii.2. Conclusion
viii. Human Eyes: Defects of Vision – Correction & Challenge
viii.1. An Introduction to Refractive Defects of vision and the Gradual Loss of Eye Accommodation
viii.2. Conclusion
3. Electricity
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i. Electricity: Basics of Electrical Components
i.1. Introduction to Basics of Electrical Components
i.2. Conclusion
ii. Electric Current: The Fundamentals, Circuits, Potentials
ii.1. Electric Current: A Fundamental Force in Modern Technology
ii.2. Conclusion
iii. Ohm’s Law: Basics of Electricity and Circuits
iii.1. Introduction to Ohm’s Law
iii.2. Conclusion
iv. System of Resistors: Ohm’s Law, Resistance, Electric Power
iv.1. Electrical Circuits: System of Resistors in Series and Parallel Configurations
iv.2. Conclusion
v. Electric Current: Conductivity, Effects, & Applications
vi. Heating Effect of Electric Current: Applications and Safety Measures
vi.1. Heating Effect of Electric Current: Essential for Safe Energy Use
vii. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current: Powering Wires, Electromagnets, and Electric Bells
vii.1. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current: Oersted’s Magnetic Revelation
vii.2. Conclusion
viii. Piezoelectric Effect
4. Magnetism
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i. Magnetism: Definition, Properties, Pattern & Application of Bar Magnet
i.1. Magnetism: Bar Magnet and Modern Applications
ii. Magnetic Fields Lines: Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
ii.1. Electricity and Magnetism: Magnetic Field Lines
ii.2. Understanding Magnetic Effects of Electric Current: Currents, Wires, and Magnetic Field Lines Insights
ii.3. Conclusion
iii. South Atlantic Anomaly
iv. Geomagnetism
5. Sound
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i. Sound Waves: Vibrations, Production & Wave Mechanics
i.1. Sound Waves: Vibrations, Energy, and the Art of Hearing
ii. Speed of Sound: Pitch, Amplitude, & Wavelength
ii.1. Speed of Sound: Pitch, Amplitude, and characteristics of sound waves
ii.2. Description of Sound Waves: Frequency, Amplitude, and Speed Essentials
ii.3. Various Elements associated with Sound: Wavelength, Frequency, and Sonic Phenomena
iii. Reflection of Sound: Echoes, Loudness, and Reverberation
iv. Ultrasonic Waves: Cleaning, Imaging, and Sonar Applications
v. Noise Pollution: Protecting Health and Harmony through Pollution Control
6. Matter
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i. Three States of Matter: Solid, Liquid & Gas State
i.1. States of Matter in Our Tiny Particle Universe
i.2. States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous States
i.3. Heat and Change: States of Matter Through Temperature
i.4. Effect of Change of Pressure: Transforming Gases in States of Matter
i.5. Conclusion
ii. Mixtures: Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
iii. States of Transformation: Nature of Physical and Chemical Changes
iii.1. Dynamic Transformation: Chemistry of Physical and Chemical Changes:
iii.2. Purity: Fixed Structure and types of Pure Substances
iii.3. Are Compounds Formed through Elemental Transformation?
iv. Methods of Separation: Extracting Purity and Isolating Substances in Various Techniques
iv.1. Methods of Separation of substance in Mixtures for Purification
iv.2. What Methods of Separation are employed for effective substance Extraction in Mixtures?
iv.3. What are the Methods of Separation involving Sedimentation, Decantation, and Filtration in Mixture Purification?
iv.4. Conclusion
7. Atoms & Molecules
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i. Chemistry Basics – Atoms, Molecules, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
ii. Atoms and Molecules: Ancient Philosophy to Modern Atomic Theory
ii.1. Atoms and Molecules: Historical journey through Ancient insights to Atomic Theories
ii.2. Can Atoms and Molecules explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions in Chemical Combinations?
ii.3. Dalton’s Atomic Theory and the Intricate Patterns of Atoms and Molecules
ii.4. How did the discovery of charged particles reshape our understanding of atoms and molecules in the 19th century?
iii. Nuclear Chemistry Basics
iv. Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons and Electron Orbits
iv.1. Basic Elements of Atomic Structure in the Structure of Matter
iv.2. Thomson Pudding Model and the Foundations of Atomic Structure
iv.3. Rutherford’s Model of an Atom: Nucleus and Electron Paths in Atomic Structure
iv.4. How did Bohr reshape Atomic Structure with Discrete Electron Orbits and Energy Levels?
iv.5. J. Chadwick Neutron: Bridging the Mass Balance in Atomic Structure
v. Electron Orbits: Distribution Patterns and Valency in Atomic Structures
vi. Chemical Elements: Symbols, Numbers, and Atomic Mass
vi.1. Chemical Elements through Unique Symbols
vii. Building Blocks of Matter: Molecules, Ions, and Elemental Unity
viii. Chemistry Fundamentals: Molecular Mass and the Mole Concept
ix. Atomic Theory: Structure of an Atom
8. Chemical Reactions & Equations
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i. Chemical Dynamics: Acids, Bases, and Indicators in Everyday Life
i.1. Chemical Dynamics: Reactions in our daily substances
i.2. How do Natural Indicators such as Litmus, Turmeric and China Rose reflect Chemical Dynamics in Acid-Base Reactions?
ii. Acid and Base: Definitions, Strength, Properties, & pH Scale
ii.1. Acid and Base Strength: pH Scale Overview
ii.2. Acid and Base Dynamics: Life and Environment
ii.3. Neutralisation: Balancing Act of Acid and Base
ii.4. Neutralisation in Practical Situations: Acid and Base Harmony
iii. Physical and Chemical Changes: Matter’s Form, Composition,
iv. Chemical Reactions: Representation, Type of Equations & Formation
iv.1. Chemical Reactions Essentials
v. Chemical Reactions: Types, Process and Transformations
v.1. Chemical Reactions: Transforming Atoms through Bond Changes
vi. Acids and Bases: Chemical Properties, Reactions, and Common Features
vi.1. Acids and Base: Fundamentals and Properties
vi.2. Acids and Base: Common Characteristics
vii. Acid, Bases and Salts: Exploring the Roles, Reactions, and Applications in Daily Life
vii.1. The Essential Roles of Salts in Science and Daily Life
vii.2. Conclusion
viii. Chemicals in Everyday Life
9. Metals & Non-Metals
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i. Metals and Non-metals: Revealing the Properties, Classification, and Applications
ii. Properties of Metals & Conductivity: Physical and Chemical Characteristics
ii.1. Exploring the Remarkable Properties of Metals: Conductivity, Malleability, and More
ii.2. The Physical Marvels of Metals: Strength, State, and Shining Characteristics
ii.3. Chemical Properties of Metals
ii.4. Properties of Ionic Compounds
iii. Metallurgic Extraction: Scientific Insights into the Extraction of Metals
iii.1. Understanding the Geological Wealth: An Exploration into the Occurrence of Metals in Nature and the Significance of Ores
iii.2. Advanced Strategies for Corrosion Prevention in Metals: From Coatings to Sacrificial Protection
iii.3. Exploring the Unique Physical Properties of Nonmetals: An In-Depth Analysis
iv. Carbon and Its Compounds A Comprehensive Exploration of Its Properties
iv.1. Carbon: An Elemental Nexus in the Fabric of Life and Materials
iv.2. Allotropes of Carbon: Exploring Diamond, Graphite, and Fullerene Structures
iv.3. Versatile Nature of Carbonand its compounds: The Tetravalency and Catenation of Carbon
iv.4. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon and its Compounds: Exploring the Structure and Diversity
iv.5. Functional Diversity in Carbon and its Compounds: Exploring Hydroxyl, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxyl, and Halogen Groups
v. Ethanol: Carbon compound, Chemistry, Reactions, and Practical Applications
v.1. Standardizing Carbon Compound Nomenclature: IUPAC Rules for Global Uniformity
v.2. Exploring Homologous Series: Patterns and Variations in Organic Compounds
v.3. The Chemical Dynamics: Exploring Combustion, Oxidation, and Reactions in Carbon Compounds
v.4. Exploring the Properties and Reactions of Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid: From Solvents to Chemical Transformations
v.5. Conclusion
vi. Carbon and its Allotropes
10. Energy
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i. Introduction to Energy
ii. Temperature Measurement: Method, Variation, Laboratory & Clinical Thermometers
ii.1. Temperature Measurement in Daily Life and Technological Advancements
iii. Solar Radiation: Heat Balance, Temperature Dynamics & Energy Exchange
iii.1. Solar Radiation: Earth’s Energy Exchange
iii.2. Heating and Cooling of Atmosphere: Solar Radiation Dynamics
iv. Crucial Natural Resources: Production and Challenge of Coal & Petroleum
iv.1. Nurturing Essentials: The Vital Role of Natural Resources in Our Lives
iv.2. Petroleum and Natural Gas: the ‘Black Gold’ Beneath Earth’s Surface and Its Role as Essential Natural Resources
iv.3. Exploring the Versatile Constituents of Petroleum and Natural Gas for Diverse Applications
iv.4. Limited Natural Resources: Exploring the Challenges of through Conservation and Sustainable Practices
v. Combustion and Flame: Chemistry, Conditions, and Characteristics of Fire Reactions
v.1. A Journey into the Chemistry, Heat, and Illumination of Fire
v.2. What is Combustion: Ignition, Fuel, and the Essential Conditions for Flames
v.3. Diverse Facets of Combustion: Rapid, Spontaneous, and Explosive Phenomena exposed
vi. Fire Control: Strategies, Tools, and Environmental Impact
vi.1. Prioritizing Prevention: A Comprehensive Approach to Fire Safety Management
vi.2. Understanding Fuels: Characteristics, Types, and Criteria for Efficient Combustion
vi.3. Conclusion
vii. Fossils as Energy Stores
vii.1. Coalification
vii.2. Challenges Related To Burning Of Coal
vii.3. Ways To Clean Coal
vii.4. Coal Conversions
viii. Coal burning and CCUS
viii.1. Coal Burning And CCUS: Combination To Combat Climate Change
ix. Energy In Transportation
ix.1. Components Of Crude Oil
x. India’s Strategy Of Emission Control
xi. Alternative Fuels In Transportation
xii. Hydrogen
xiii. Fuel Cells: Best Way To Use Energy From Hydrogen
xiv. Lithium-Ion Battery
xv. Biofuels
xv.1. Nature of Biofuels
xv.2. Classification of Biofuels
xv.3. How are they made?
xv.4. Biodiesel: From Transesterification
xv.5. Biofuels: Generations
xv.6. Liquid Tree: Liquid 3.0
xv.7. Gasifying Biofuels: Biomethanation and CBG
xvi. Nuclear Energy
xvi.1. Nuclear Energy
xvi.2. Components of a nuclear power plant
xvi.3. Conclusion
xvii. Wind Energy: Potential Of India
xviii. Solar Energy: Potential of India
xix. Solar PV Cells
xx. Energy Storage
11. Cells & Tissues
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i. Cell Wall – Definition, Cell Wall Function, Cell Wall Layers
i.1. Cell Wall: Essential Structure for Efficient Cell Functions
i.2. Differences in Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells
ii. Cell Organelles: Structures, Functions & Role
ii.1. Structural Organization and Functional Symphony of Cell Organelles
ii.2. Cell Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum’s Role in Cell Structure and Functions
ii.3. Cell Organelles at Work: Guiding the Division for Growth and Reproduction
ii.4. Conclusion
iii. Building Blocks of Life: Different Types of Tissues in Plants and Animals
Iii.1. Exploring the Vital Roles of Different Types of Tissue in Living Organisms
iii.2. Plant- From one of the major types of Tissue
iii.3. Animal- From one of the major types of Tissue
iii.4. Conclusion
12. Plant Organisms
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i. Plant Organisms: Diversity, Structure, and Conservation
i.1. Introduction to Plant Organisms: Nourishment, Reproduction, and Conservation Challenge
i.2. Exploring Plant Organisms: Categorizing the Diversity of Flora
i.3. Exploring the Details of Plant Organisms: Parts, Structure, Function, and Reproduction
i.4. Conclusion
ii. Plant Habitats and Adaptations: Component, Growth & Response
ii.1. Plant Habitats & Adaptations
ii.2. Exploring Plant Habitats: Understanding Diverse Environments from Terrestrial to Aquatic
ii.3. Life Processes in Plant Habitats: Nourishment, Growth, and Responses in the Botanical World 
ii.4. Conclusion
iii. Modes of Nutrition in Plants: From Photosynthesis to Symbiosis, Nutrient Replenishment
iii.1. Nutrition in Plant – Diverse Modes and Adaptive Strategies
iii.2. Nutrition in Plants: Providing Vital Nutrients for Life
iii.3. The Magic of Photosynthesis: A Journey into Plant Nutrition in plant and Energy Production
iii.4. Other modes of Nutrition in plant (by Heterotrophs)
iii.5. Conclusion
iv. Plant Reproduction: Function, Process & Variation
iv.1. Plant Reproduction- fascinating process, diverse strategies & complexity asexual & sexual
iv.2. Understanding the Process of Plant reproduction: Meaning & Inheritance of Genes
iv.3. Diverse Modes of Plant Reproduction through Vegetative Parts and Blooming Flowers
iv.4. Asexual Reproduction
iv.5. Conclusion
v. Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Pollination, Fertilization, & Germination
v.1. Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Nurturing Genetic Diversity for Species Continuation and Evolution
v.2. Conclusion
vi. Conservation of Plants and Ecosystems: Method, Consequence & Initiative
vi.1. Conservation of Plants and Safeguarding Earth’s Green Diversity
vi.2. Conservation of plants : Understanding the Impact of Deforestation on Plants and Ecosystems
vi.3. Understanding Reforestation and the Crucial Role of Conservation of Plants
vi.4. Government Initiatives and Protected Areas in the Conservation of Plants , Forests, and Wildlife
vi.5. Brief About Protected Areas
vi.6. Conclusion
vii. Cellulose
13. Animal Organisms
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i. Animal Organisms: Adaptations, Habitats, Diversity in the Animal Kingdom
i.1. Introduction to Animal Organisms: Complexity of Interconnected Systems
i.2. Conclusion
ii. Microscopic Life: Diversity, Reproduction, Significance of Microorganisms
ii.1. Protozoa in Ecosystems
ii.2. Conclusion
iii. Microorganism Reproduction: Method, Mode, Diversity & Achievements
iii.1. Diverse Modes of Microorganism Reproduction
iii.2. What are the various Asexual Reproduction techniques used by microorganisms?
iv. Microorganisms: Dual Role in Food, Medicine, Environment and Health
iv.1. Microorganisms – Balancing acts in Food, Environment and Medicine
14. Life Processes
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i. Body’s Mechanics: Types of Joints & Role in Human Movement
i.1. The Articulation of Motion in the Human Body
i.2. Types of Joints: A Comprehensive Exploration of Ball and Socket, Pivotal, Hinge, and Fixed Joints in the Human Body
i.3. Skeleton as a Framework
i.4. Animal Locomotion: Diverse Gaits and Adaptive Movements in Earthworms, Snails, Cockroaches
ii. Nutrition Strategies: Autotrophic, Human Digestion & Respiratory Systems
ii.1. Approaches to Satisfying the Universal Need for Energy in Organisms
ii.2. Autotrophic Nutrition Through the Lens of Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Storage
ii.3. From Single Cells to Specialized Organs, Exploring the Evolution of Nutritional Processes in Organisms
ii.4. Nutrition in Human Beings
iii. Blood Circulation in Human Body: Organ, Function & Cardiac Diversity
iii.1. Vital Dynamics: Blood Circulation in Human Body and Plant Vascular Systems
iv. Humans and Plants Excretion: Process, Role of Kidney & Waste Management
iv.1. Excretion and the Excretory System
v. Nervous System: Definition, Structure, Control & Coordination
vi. Coordination in Plants: Movements and Chemical Communication
vii. Role of Animal Hormones: Physiology, Growth and Survival
viii. Adolescence and Puberty: Transformative journey from Childhood to Adulthood
viii.1. Adolescence and Puberty: Growth, Development and Lifelong Influence
ix. Human Sexual Reproduction: Maturation, Menstruation & Capability
x. Reproductive Health: Nutrition, Hygiene, Safe Practices
xi. Genetic Inheritance: Evolution, Traits & Role of Reproduction
xi.1. Understanding How We’re Alike and Different in the Process of Reproduction
xi.2. Family Traits: How We Get Both Similar and Different from Our Parents
xi.3. Genes at Work: How We Get Traits from Mom and Dad, Explained with Pea Plants!
xii. DNA as Code of Life
xiii. RNA and Central Dogma
xiv. Epigenetics
xv. DNA as Vehicle of Heredity
xvi. Stem Cells: Therapy, Banking, and Regulations
xvii. Speciation: An important evolutionary process
xviii. Endocrine Glands and Hormones
xviii.1. Endocrine Glands and Hormones in Human Body
xviii.2. Conclusion
xix. Cell and Cell Organelles
xix.1. What is a Cell?
xix.2. Types of Cell
xix.3. Difference Between Eukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic cell
xix.4. Cell Organelles
xix.5. Plant Cells and Animal Cell
xix.6. Difference between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
xix.7. Conclusion
15. Food & Crops
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i. Nutrients in Food: Types, Diversity, Role in Health & Well-being
i.1. Harvesting Sustenance: The Vital Role of Crops in Global Food Security
i.2. Important Functions and Sources of Vitamins and Minerals
i.3. Exploring Deficiency Diseases and the Role of Fortification in Nutritional Wellness
ii. Crops: Production, Practices and Management
ii.1. Advancing Agriculture: Enhancing Crops and Productivity
ii.2. Manure vs. Fertilizers in Nutrition of Crops
iii. Irrigation: Importance, Types, Strategies in Cropping Patterns for Optimal Yield
iv. Animal Husbandry: Overview, Farming Practices, & Benefits
v. Food Irradiation
16. Natural Phenomenon
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i. Lightning: Definition, Formation & Safety Guidelines
i.1. Lightning: Nature’s Electric Display and Safety Measures
ii. Earthquakes: Forces, Causes, and Protective Measures
ii.1. Earthquakes: Nature’s Powerful Forces
ii.2. Earthquakes: Seismic or Fault Zones
ii.3. Measurement of Earthquake: Insights into Seismographs and the Richter Scale
ii.4. Protection Against Earthquake: Essential Measures for Seismic Safety
iii. Natural Gas Hydrates: Ocean Exploration
17. Our Environment
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i. Earth’s Environment: From Atmosphere Composition to Ecosystem Dynamics
i.1. Environment: Air, Water, and Land Systems
i.2. Environment: Definitions, Ecosystem Dynamics and Historical Significance: l
i.3. How does the intricate web of food chains influence the dynamics of the environment?
ii. Forest: Balancing Biodiversity, Water and Soil health
iii. Five Kingdom Classification of Animals and Plants
iv. Wastewater Treatment: Safeguarding Water Resources and Public Well-being
v. Cloud Seeding
18. Biotechnology
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i. Biotechnology Applications: Transforming Industries, Agriculture, and Healthcare
ii. Biotechnology: Genetic Engineering and Antibiotic Resistance Genes
ii.1. Biotechnology and Therapeutic protein production
ii.2. How do Genetic Engineering and bioprocess engineering shape Modern Biotechnology?
iii. Genetic Engineering: Definition, Process, Tools & Mechanism
iv. Recombinant DNA: Definition, Application, Tools & Process
iv.1. Recombinant DNA technology: Definition
iv.2. Power and Potential of Recombinant DNA Technology
v. Genetically Modified Crops and Regulations in India
v.1. Genetically Modified Crops
v.2. Concerns regarding Genetically Modified Crops
v.3. GM Crops in India
vi. Gene Editing – What is CRISPR-Cas9?
vii. Genome Sequencing
viii. Genome India Project (GIP)
viii.1. What is Genome India Project?
viii.2. Conclusion
ix. Genetic Privacy
x. Genetic Disorders
xi. Tissue Engineering/ Regenerative Medicine/ Organ transplantation
xii. DNA Cloning
xiii. DNA Fingerprinting
xiv. Mitochondrial Donation Treatment
xv. Biofortification
xvi. Microbes in human welfare
xvi.1. Microbes in human welfare
xvi.2. Conclusion
xvii. Microbiome
xviii. Virus – Definition, Structure, and Types
xviii.1. Virus: Details, History and Classification
xviii.2. Types of Viruses
xix. Clinical Trials in India
xx. Diseases
xx.1. Autoimmune Diseases
xx.2. Multiple Sclerosis
xx.3. H3N2 Influenza Virus
xx.4. Cancer: Statistics, Causes and Types
xx.5. Dengue: Causes and Prevention
xx.6. Diseases caused by microorganisms
i. What are microbes/microorganisms?
ii. Diseases Caused By Microorganisms
iii. Details of Diseases Caused By Microorganisms
iv. Prevention Of Diseases Caused By Microorganisms
v. Vaccines for Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
vi. Conclusion
xx.7. Coronavirus (COVID-19): Outbreak, Impact, and Prevention
i. What is Coronavirus?
ii. Global Impact of Novel Coronavirus COVID-19
iii. Public Policy for Handling Pandemics
iv. The Novel Coronavirus Pandemic: Latest statistics
v. Conclusion
xx.8. Covid Tests: Different Types of Coronavirus Testing
xx.9. Typbar Typhoid Vaccine
xx.10. Kyasanur Forest Disease
xx.11. Ebola Virus Disease – A Challenge to India
xx.12. Trans Fat: Why is it harmful?
xx.13. Fungal Diseases
xx.14. Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
xx.15. Rabies: Causes, Prevention and Control
xx.16. Tuberculosis: Causes, Prevention and Initiatives
xx.17. Tomato Flu/Fever
xx.18. Monkeypox
xx.19. Malaria: Causes and Prevention
xx.20. HIV AIDS: A Medical and Social Issue
xx.21. Neglected Tropical Diseases
xxi. Immunity: Understand Human Immune System
xxii. Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) and the Red Line Campaign
xxii.1. What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?
xxii.2. Conclusion
xxiii. Universal Immunisation Program in India
xxiv. Vaccine: Definition, Types and Economic aspect
xxv. Nasal Vaccine for Covid
xxvi. Commercial Cord Blood Banking
xxvii. CAR T-cell therapy
xxviii. Cultured Meat
xxix. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
xxx. Synthetic Biology: All you need to know
xxxi. Chromosome and Chromosomal Disorders in Humans
xxxii. Xenotransplantation
xxxiii. Waste-to-Energy Plants
xxxiv. Non-Communicable Diseases
xxxv. Probiotics
xxxvi. Biogeochemical cycles
xxxvii. Phosphorus Cycle
xxxviii. Sulphur Cycle
xxxix. Oxygen Cycle
xl. Nitrogen cycle
xli. Carbon cycle
19. Information Technology
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i. Metaverse – Explained in layman’s terms
ii. Net Neutrality – Explained In Simple Terms
ii.1. Who are the Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?
ii.2. What is Net Neutrality, in simple words?
ii.3. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)’s Stand
ii.4. Conclusion and Way Forward
iii. Computer: Different generations and types
iii. Computer: Different generations and types
iv. Supercomputers: Everything you need to know about
v. Superconductivity
vi. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Everything you need to know
vii. AI and ethics
viii. Artificial Neural Network
ix. Generative AI
x. Internet of Things (IoT) – A Simple Explanation
x.1. What is the “Internet of Things (IoT)”?
x.2. Summary
xi. Blockchain Technology-Everything you need to know in layman’s language
xi.1. Comparing Blockchain to an Excel Sheet
xi.2. Summary
xii. Bitcoin Halving
xiii. Automation: Will it kill more jobs in the coming years?
xiii.1. What is Automation?
xiii.2. What is the Timeline of Automation?
xiii.3. Conclusion
xiv. Malware Types: Virus, Worm, Trojan, Ransomware etc
xv. Dark Web (Darknet): Definition, Access, and Threats
xvi. Dark Patterns
xvii. Digital Twin Technology
xviii. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
xix. Web 3
xx. Web 5.0
xxi. Augmented Reality
xxii. Virtual Reality
xxiii. Quantum Cryptography
xxiv. Cloud computing
xxv. End-to-End Encryption
xxvi. Semiconductors Chip Crisis: An Opportunity For India
xxvii. SaaS: Software as a Service
xxviii. Mobile Networks
xxviii.1. Evolution of Mobile Networks
xxviii.2. 5G Technology
xxviii.3. 5G- Millimeter Wave band
xxviii.4. High-band spectrum
xxix. eSIM: All You Need To Know About Embedded SIM
xxx. Edge Computing
xxxi. Wireless Technologies
xxxii. NFC Technology
xxxii. NFC Technology
xxxiii. Public Domain Name Server (DNS)
xxxiv. Quantum Entanglement
xxxv. Deep Fakes: A Greatest Online Threat
xxxvi. EdTech Sector in India: Government Initiatives to boost Online Education
xxxvii. NFT: Learn about Non Fungible Tokens
xxxviii. Immersive Technologies
xxxix. Micro-LED Display technology
xl. Open API, UM, QR, RFID & BharOS
xli. India Stacks
xlii. Open-source Software
20. Space Technology
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i. Cosmology: The Story Of Universe And Everything In It
ii. The Big Bang Theory
iii. The Universe: Everything you need to know
iv. Black holes: A simple explanation
v. Dark Matter vs Anti Matter vs Negative Matter
vi.Standard Model Of Physics: Theory Of Almost Everything
vii. Fermions and Bosons : Particles Which Make The Universe
viii. Classical Mechanics vs Quantum Mechanics
ix. Nature of space, time and light: Special Theory of Relativity
x. Nature of Gravity: General Theory Of Relativity
xi. Gravitational Waves: Einstein Was Right!
xii. Standard Particle Model of Quantum Mechanics: Inside an Atom
xii.1. What’s inside an atom?
xii.2. Fundamental Forces
xiii. Higgs Boson : The God Particle
xiv. Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO)
xv. Sun: Structure, Composition and Features
xvi. Space Debris: Threat to astronauts and spacecrafts?
xvii. Space Race Through Lunar Exploration
xviii. Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs)
xix. Fast Radio Bursts
xx. Eclipse: Solar vs Lunar – Explained
xxi. GSLV: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
xxii. GSLV Mk III-D1 OR GSAT-19 Mission – Another Success Story
xxiii.1. GSLV D5 : The rocket
xxiii.2. GSAT 14 : The Satellite
xxiv. SSLV: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
xxv. India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV): Everything you need to know
xxvi. Scramjet Engine: Why in News Headlines Now?
xxvii. ISRO’s World Record PSLV C37 Launch: Top 10 Facts You Should Know
xxvii.1. ISRO’s PSLV C37 Launch: Top 10 Facts
xxvii.2. Conclusion
xxviii. Missile Fuel Technology
xxix. Space Missions in 2024
xxx. International Space Station (ISS)
xxxi. Satellite Technology
xxxii. Earth Observation Satellites Based On Application
xxxii.1. Bhaskara series
xxxii.2. Operational EOS of India
xxxii.3. Above Series with their satellite name and Significance
xxxii.4. Other Important Remote Sensing Satellites
xxxiii. Communication satellites
xxxiv. Launch Vehicles in India
xxxv. Space Tourism
xxxvi. Indian Space Program: Phases and Achievements
xxxvii. Solar Storms
xxxviii. Major telescopes in India and the World
xxxix. NISAR (NASA-ISRO SAR Mission)
xl. Aditya-L1 Mission
xli. JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer)
xlii. NASA’s VIPER Mission: All you need to know
xliii. Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) – Mangalyaan Mission
xliv. Gaganyaan Mission
xlv. SARAS Radio Telescope
xlvi. Chandrayaan 3: Everything you need to know
xlvii. Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
xlviii. Navigation System: Satellite based Global systems
xlix. Space Internet: Starlink Project
l. Parker Solar Probe: Explore the Sun
li. DART Mission (Double Asteroid Redirection Test)
lii. Wormhole: A shortcut to travel the interstellar space?
liii. Space 2.0: Recent Space Sector Reforms In India
liii.1. Steps Taken Under Space 2.0
liii.2. Private Participation And Space 2.0
21. Defence Technology
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i. India’s Nuclear Weapon Programme
i.1. History of India’s Nuclear Weapon Programme
i.2. India’s Nuclear Weapon Programme: Main Authorities
i.3. Nuclear Weapon Programme: Related Topics
i.4. Conclusion
ii. India’s Ballistic Missile Defence System: Why should we need it?
iii. India’s missile systems
iv. Drone Rules: An unmanned expedition to uncharted territories
v. S-400 Air Defence System
vi. Important Hypersonic Missiles
vii. Artillery Weapon System of India
viii. Infantry Weapon System of India
ix. Aircraft Carriers of Indian Navy
x. Submarine Arm of India
xi. Key Operational Requirements of IAF
xii. Important Fighter Jets and Helicopters of India
xiii. Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems
xiv. Space Weaponization
xv. Chief of Defence Staff
22. Nuclear Technology
All topics are given below
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i. Radioactivity
ii. Fission And Fusion
iii. Nuclear Reactors: Working and schematic
iv. Three-Stage Nuclear Program
v. Fusion reactors
vi. Important Nuclear Non-proliferation treaties
23. Frontier Technologies
All topics are given below
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i. Quantum Science and Technology
ii. Quantum Dots
iii. Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) – Definition, Types & Properties
iv. Graphene
v. Application of nanotechnology
v.1. Nanotechnology Applications
v.2. Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering
vi. Nanotechnology in Health
7. Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
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B. The Law Commission of India Recommendations
B.1. Electoral Disqualifications
B.2. Other Recommendations
24. Miscellaneous
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i. FRP Composite Material And Its Applications
ii. Rare Earth Elements (REE): Why are they strategically important?
iii. Awareness in the fields of IT, space, computers, robotics, nanotechnology, biotechnology
iv. Leap Year: How does it work?
v. CV Raman: The Visionary Scientist
vi. Ambergris: The Floating gold
vii. Indian Ocean Geoid Low
viii. Neurotechnology
ix. Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs
x. Theory of Evolution by Darwin
xi. LIGO-India
xii. Indian Scientists: From Ancient to Modern Era
xiii. Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis
xiv. Bioinformatics
xv. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
xvi. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
January National & International CA 2025
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January National & International CA 2025 Part I
January National & International CA 2025 Part II
January National & International CA 2025 Part III
January National & International CA 2025 Part IV
February National & International CA 2025
0/4
February National & International CA 2025 Part I
February National & International CA 2025 Part II
February National & International CA 2025 Part III
February National & International CA 2025 Part IV
March National & International CA 2025
0/4
March National & International CA 2025 Part I
March National & International CA 2025 Part II
March National & International CA 2025 Part III
March National & International CA 2025 Part IV
April National & International CA 2025
0/4
April National & International CA 2025 Part I
April National & International CA 2025 Part II
April National & International CA 2025 Part III
April National & International CA 2025 Part IV
May National & International CA 2025
0/4
May National & International CA 2025 Part I
May National & International CA 2025 Part II
May National & International CA 2025 Part III
May National & International CA 2025 Part IV
June National & International CA 2025
0/4
June National & International CA 2025 Part I
June National & International CA 2025 Part II
June National & International CA 2025 Part III
June National & International CA 2025 Part IV
July National & International CA 2025
0/4
July National & International CA 2025 Part I
July National & International CA 2025 Part II
July National & International CA 2025 Part III
July National & International CA 2025 Part IV
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

C.3. Grassland Ecosystem

A grassland ecosystem is characterized by vegetation primarily made up of grasses and other non-woody (herbaceous) plants. 

  • These ecosystems typically develop in regions receiving 25 to 75 cm of annual rainfall—insufficient to support forests, but more than what deserts receive. Grasslands are most commonly found in temperate climate zones.
  • In India, significant grasslands exist in the high Himalayan regions. Elsewhere in the country, grasslands are predominantly in the form of steppes and savannas. The steppe regions, especially in western Rajasthan, cover large expanses of sandy and saline soils and thrive in a semi-arid climate.
  • The major difference between steppes and savannas is that all the forage in the steppe is provided only during the brief wet season whereas in the savannas forage is largely from grasses that not only grow during the wet season but also from the smaller amount of regrowth in the dry season.
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