Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

D.3. The meaning of independence with respect to the judiciary 

Even after years of existence, the meaning of the judiciary’s independence is still unclear. Our Constitution’s Articles 124 to 147 deal with the appointment of Supreme Court judges and Articles 214 to 231 deal with the appointment of judges in the High Courts, but our Constitution only mentions the judiciary’s independence; it makes no mention of what such independence truly entails. Judiciary’s independence includes both the independence of the judicial institutions and the independence of the judges who make up its body. However, judicial independence does not mean lack of responsibility or arbitrariness. The country’s democratic political system includes the judiciary. As a result, it must answer to the country’s citizens, the Constitution, and democratic values. The theory of the separation of powers appears to be the concept’s foundation and focal point. Therefore, it largely refers to the judiciary’s independence from the executive and legislative branches. Judiciary’s independence goes beyond just establishing a separate institution free from the oversight and influence of the government and the legislative branch. The fundamental goal of the judiciary’s independence is that judges must be able to resolve a dispute that comes before them in accordance with the law, free from other influences. Because of this, every judge’s independence is a component of the judiciary’s overall independence.