D. Human Development

Growth And Development	Both refer to changes over a period of time. The difference is that growth is quantitative and value neutral. It may have a positive or a negative sign. Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive. Development occurs when there is a positive change in quality. A man of vision and compassion, Pakistani economist Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq created the Human Development Index in 1990. According to him, development is all about enlarging people‘s choices in order to lead long, healthy lives with dignity. The United Nations Development Programme has used his concept of human development to publish the Human Development Report annually since 1990. Nobel Laureate Prof Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom (or decrease in unfreedom) as the main objective of development. Interestingly, increasing freedoms is also one of the most effective ways of bringing about development. His work explores the role of social and political institutions and processes in increasing freedom
The Four Pillars Of Human Development	Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste. Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human development, each generation must have the same opportunities. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used keeping in mind the future. Productivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work. Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people. Ultimately, it is people who are the real wealth of nations. Therefore, efforts to increase their knowledge, or provide better health facilities ultimately lead to better work efficiency. Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies are required to empower people.
Measuring Human Development	The human development index (HDI) ranks the countries based on their performance in the key areas of health, education and access to resources. Each of these dimensions is given a weightage of 1/3. These rankings are based on a score between 0 to 1. The closer a score is to one, the greater is the level of human development and viva-versa. Health indicator- life expectancy at birth. A higher life expectancy means that people have a greater chance of living longer and healthier lives. Education indicator- The adult literacy rate and the gross enrolment ratio represent access to knowledge. The number of adults who are able to read and write and the number of children enrolled in schools show how easy or difficult it is to access knowledge in a particular country. Access to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power. The human development index measures attainments in human development. it is not the most reliable measure. This is because it does not say anything about the distribution. The human poverty index is related to the human development index. This index measures the shortfall in human development. It is a non-income measure. The probability of not surviving till the age of 40, the adult illiteracy rate, the number of people who do not have access to clean water, and the number of small children who are underweight are all taken into account to show the shortfall in human development in any region. Often the human poverty index is more revealing than the human development index. The Human Development index and the Human Poverty index are two important indices to measure human development used by the UNDP.

[International Comparisons]