Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
0/46
1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
0/67
1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
0/67
2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
0/66
5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
0/59
7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
0/41
10.2. Introduction to Maps
0/1
GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
0/36
5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
0/31
6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
0/47
12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
0/33
GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
0/1
GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
0/151
GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
0/1
1. Motion & Measurements
0/46
9. Metals & Non-Metals
0/23
10. Energy
0/49
12. Plant Organisms
0/33
14. Life Processes
0/42
18. Biotechnology
0/88
19. Information Technology
0/59
20. Space Technology
0/64
National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

ii.2. Manure vs. Fertilizers in Nutrition of Crops

Fertilizer

Manure

  • Fertilizer is a manmade organic salt.
  • Manure is a natural substance obtained by the decomposition of cattle dung and plant residues.
  • Fertilizer is prepared in factories.
  • Manure can be prepared in the fields.
  • Fertilizer does not provide any humus to the soil.
  • Manures provide a lot of humus to the soil.
  • They are very rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen ,potassium and phosphorus.
  • They are relatively less rich in plant nutrients.

Other Related Facts of Manure and Fertilizers

Disadvantages of Using Fertilisers

  • Excessive use of fertilisers can cause pollution. 
    • It can also change the pH of the soil in certain rare cases.

Leaving the Land Fallow

  • When land is left fallow for a certain period of time, the land replenishes its nutrients by itself. 
  • This land can be used for agriculture again.

Advantages of Manure: 

  • Organic manure is considered better than fertiliser. 
    • This is because it enhances the water holding capacity of the soil.

Porous Soil:

  • It makes the soil porous due to which exchange of gases becomes easy.

Increased Microbes

  • It increases the number of friendly microbes. 

Texture

  • It improves the texture of the soil.