iii. Details of Diseases Caused By Microorganisms

Disease	Details
Diseases Caused By Microorganisms- Bacteria
Acne vulg anthrax (simply acne or pimples)	A skin disease caused when hair follicles become clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin. Causes == Genetics + Excess growth of the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Causative Agent: Propionibacterium acnes Mode Of Transmission: Direct contact/close contact Organism Affected: Humans/Adolescents
Anthrax	Causes skin infections and Gastrointestinal (GI) infection that are fatal. French scientist Louis Pasteur developed the first effective vaccine in 1881. Causative Agent: Bacillus anthraces Mode Of Transmission: Contact with infected meat Organism Affected: Most animals including humans
Cholera	Affects small intestine. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhoea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhoea can be so severe that it leads to hours of severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Causative Agent: Vibrio cholerae Mode Of Transmission: Contaminated Water/food Organism Affected: Humans
Citrus Canker	The infection causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus trees. Causative Agent: Xanthomonas axonopodis Mode Of Transmission: Air Organism Affected: Citrus fruit plants
Diphtheria	Symptoms: sore throat and fever. The neck may swell in part due to large lymph nodes. Complications: myocarditis, inflammation of nerves, kidney problems, and bleeding problems due to low blood platelets. Myocarditis may result in an abnormal heart rate and inflammation of the nerves may result in paralysis. Causative Agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae Mode Of Transmission: Air/direct contact Organism Affected: Humans
Pneumonia *[caused by bacteria or viruses]*	Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. Causative Agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Mode Of Transmission: Airborne droplets of sneeze Organism Affected: Humans
Peptic ulcers	Ulcers in the lining of stomach or starting part of small intestine or lower part of esophagus. Causative Agent: Helicobacter pylori Mode Of Transmission: Organism Affected: Humans
Plague	Unhygienic conditions are the main cause. The symptoms of plague depend on the concentrated areas of infection in each person: bubonic plague in lymph nodes, septicemic plague in blood vessels, pneumonic plague in lungs. Causative Agent: Yersinia pestis Mode Of Transmission: Air/ direct contact Organism Affected: Humans
Tuberculosis	Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections eventually progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Causative Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mode Of Transmission: Air Organism Affected: Humans
Typhoid	Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. Weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, and headaches also commonly occur. Causative Agent: Salmonella typhi Mode Of Transmission: Water Organism Affected: Humans
Diseases Caused By Microorganisms- Viruses
AIDS	Severely weakens immunity and makes way for several other pathogens. Causative Agent: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Mode Of Transmission: Sexual contact, blood, needles, or from mother to infant Organism Affected: Humans and primates
Chicken Pox	Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease. The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters. Less severe than smallpox. Almost eradicated after the invention of vaccination. Causative Agent: varicella zoster virus (VZV) Mode Of Transmission: Air/Contact Organism Affected: Humans
Small Pox	One of the highly dreaded diseases that are highly contagious. Almost eradicated after the invention of vaccination. Causative Agent: Variola major and Variola minor Mode Of Transmission: Air/contact/water Organism Affected: Humans
Chikungunya	Causes severe joint pains. Animal reservoirs of the virus include monkeys, birds, cattle, and rodents. This is in contrast to dengue, for which primates are the only hosts Causative Agent: Chikungunya virus Mode Of Transmission: Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus Organism Affected: Humans
Cold, influenza (flu) and most coughs	Summer is hostile to the virus. Most common during winter months. Causative Agent: Rhinoviruses Mode Of Transmission: Airborne droplets of sneeze Organism Affected: Humans
Dengue fever	high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, dengue shock syndrome where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. Causative Agent: Flavivirus Mode Of Transmission: Female Aedes mosquito Organism Affected: Humans
Ebola	Ebola infection shows a sudden onset of the disease resulting initially in flu-like symptoms: fever, chills and malaise. As the disease progresses, it results in multi-system involvements indicated by the person experiencing lethargy, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and headache. Causative Agent: Ebola virus Mode Of Transmission: Animal to man Organism Affected: Humans and Some Animals
Foot and Mouth Disease	A serious threat to animal farming in India. Causative Agent: Picornavirus [genus Aphthovirus] Mode Of Transmission: Close-contact animal-to-animal spread Organism Affected: Animals
Hepatitis B	Affects the liver. Acute as well as chronic. Causative Agent: hepatitis B virus (HBV) Mode Of Transmission: Blood Exchange, STD [Sexually transmitted disease] Organism Affected: Humans
Measles	Complications occur in about 30% and may include diarrhoea, blindness, inflammation of the brain, and pneumonia among others. Causative Agent: measles virus Mode Of Transmission: Air Organism Affected: Humans
Polio or Poliomyelitis	Weak muscles lead to deformations. Causative Agent: Poliovirus Mode Of Transmission: Water/faecal-mouth Organism Affected: Humans
Zika	Most people with Zika virus infection do not develop symptoms; those who do typically have symptoms including rash, fever, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise and headache that last for 2–7 days. Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause infants to be born with microcephaly and other congenital malformations as well as preterm birth and miscarriage. Zika virus infection is associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis in adults and children. Causative Agent: Zika virus Mode Of Transmission: Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus Organism Affected: Humans
Diseases Caused By Protozoans
Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)	Symptoms may include abdominal pain, mild diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea or severe colitis with tissue death and perforation. This last complication may cause peritonitis. People affected may develop anaemia due to loss of blood. Causative Agent: Entamoeba histolytica Mode Of Transmission: Contaminated Water/food Organism Affected: Humans
Kala-Azar or Visceral leishmaniasis	This disease is the second-largest parasitic killer in the world (after malaria). The parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the liver, spleen (hence “visceral”), and bone marrow, and, if left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anaemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. Causative Agent: Leishmania genus Mode Of Transmission: Sandflies Organism Affected: Humans
Malaria	Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death. Causative Agent: Different species of Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum) Mode Of Transmission: Female Anopheles mosquito Organism Affected: Humans
Sleeping Sickness	Initially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains. This begins one to three weeks after the bite. Weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Causative Agent: Trypanosoma Mode Of Transmission: Infected tsetse fly Organism Affected: Humans
Yellow Vein Mosaic of Okra [Ladies finger]	Okra is dwarfed, and malformed. Causative Agent: Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus Mode Of Transmission: Insect Organism Affected: Okra plant
Diseases Caused By Fungi
Ringworms	The fungi that cause parasitic infection, collectively dermatophytes, feed on keratin, the material found in the outer layer of skin, hair, and nails. Causative Agent: Fungi belonging to the genera Micr Trichophyton and Epidermophyton Mode Of Transmission: Skin-skin contact Organism Affected: Humans
Rust of wheat	Wheat leaf rust is a fungal disease that affects wheat, barley and rye stems, leaves and grains. In temperate zones, it is destructive on winter wheat because of the pathogen. overwinters. Infections can lead to up to 20% yield loss exacerbated by dying leaves which fertilize the fungus. Causative Agent: Puccinia rust fungus Mode Of Transmission: Air/seeds Organism Affected: Wheat and other crops