Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

iv.2. What Methods of Separation are employed for effective substance Extraction in Mixtures?

Handpicking as an Effective Method for Impurity Removal in Grains

  • Handpicking is a separation method suitable for removing relatively larger-sized impurities such as dirt, stones, and husks from grains like wheat, rice, or pulses.
    • It involves manually selecting and removing the unwanted substances from the mixture by hand.

Threshing for efficient seed separation from stalks

  • Threshing is the process employed to separate grains from stalks and other parts of plants, where the stalks are beaten or agitated to release the grain seeds from them. 
    • This process can be carried out manually or with the assistance of bullocks.

Winnowing in Separating Light and Heavy Components

  • Winnowing is a method for separating lighter and heavier elements in a mixture by utilising the force of wind to carry away the lighter components, leaving behind the heavier ones.

Sieving as a Method to Delicately Separate Components in Mixtures

  • This process involves passing a mixture through a sieve, which is a device or tool consisting of a mesh or perforated surface. 
  • The mesh or perforations in the sieve allow smaller particles to pass through while retaining larger particles.