Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

Effective justice delivery is a perennial requirement of peace, order, civilization, and national governance under any form of government.

It is the primary responsibility of the State to ensure that everyone receives equal and impartial justice by regulating how citizens interact with one another, preventing disorder and favoritism of one class of people over others, and upholding all fundamental rights necessary for the existence and advancement of the average person by establishing an efficient justice system.

However, in practice, the promise of equality before the law does not satisfy a poor man since he lacks access to justice. Other factors that negatively impacted the administration of justice were delays, corruption, expensive litigation, access issues, a dearth of courts, judges, and government employees, a drawn-out procedure, and a lack of legal aid and legal education for the poor.

Lok Adalat has been founded as a result of these flaws in the current legal system.

  1. Legislations related to Lok Adalat:
  • By the constitutional requirement in Article 39-A of the Constitution of India, which incorporates several provisions for dispute settlement through Lok Adalat, the National Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provided Lok Adalats a statutory character.
  • To ensure that no citizen is denied the opportunity to secure justice due to economic hardship or other disabilities, this Act establishes legal services authorities to provide competent and free legal services to the most vulnerable members of society.
  • It also establishes Lok Adalats to ensure that the functioning of the legal system promotes justice on an equal opportunity basis.