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UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
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GS3
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11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
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1. Environment
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GS4
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GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

xv.2. How is Pressure exerted by Liquids and Gases in Fluid Dynamics?

Pressure Exerted by Liquids in simple Experiments:

  • In experiments involving rubber sheets covering a container, it’s observed that as water is poured into the container, the rubber sheet bulges out. 
  • The greater the volume or height of the water, the more the rubber bulges, indicating that liquids exert pressure not only on the base but also on the walls of their container.
  • By drilling holes into a bottle, we observe that water flows out of all the holes, and if the holes are at the same height, the water will fall at the same distance from the bottle. 
  • This experiment indicates that liquids exert uniform pressure at the same depth or height on the walls of their container.

Fluid Dynamics in Action: Pressure Exerted by Gases in everyday Experiences:

  • When inflating a balloon, air fills up the available space. If the balloon’s mouth isn’t sealed, the air rushes out when released, demonstrating that the air inside was exerting pressure on the inner walls of the balloon. 
  • If the balloon has holes, it won’t inflate because the air would escape, further illustrating that gases exert pressure on their container’s walls.
  • In the context of a bicycle tire, if there’s a puncture, air rushes out. 
  • This shows that the air inside was exerting pressure on the inner walls of the tube.