Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
delete UPSC Sample Notes [English]

xv.7. Gasifying Biofuels: Biomethanation and CBG

About

  • Always remember the best way to biomass for energy production is to somehow extract only methane out of it and leave the rest for plant use.
  • To gasify biomass is to copy what happens in a cow’s stomach.
  • Unlike humans, cow breaks down cellulosic biomass in its digestive process called anaerobic digestion.
  • Cows have in its digestive system a large fermentation chamber filled with billions of microbes like bacteria and protozoa.
  • The food that enters the fermentation chamber is broken down by these microbes, in the absence of oxygen, producing methane in its burps and fart. Mimic this process using bio-digesters you get biogas.
  • Biogas is a mixture of methane, CO2 and hydrogen sulphide. So you need to separate CH4 before using it.
  • Once separated compress methane to store it and transport it. This process is called bio-methanation.
  • Feedstock can be agriculture waste which is mostly cellulosic biomass, cattle dung, sugarcane press mud, municipal wet waste etc.

SATAT

  • In 2018 Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) initiative was introduced to promote CBG as an alternative to CNG.
  • Target is to produce 15 million tonnes of gas aiming to reduce CNG use by 40%. (CNG is imported)
  • Particularly useful in states like Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh which are infamous for stubble-burning.