xv. Biofuels
xv.1. Nature of Biofuels
xv.2. Classification of Biofuels
xv.3. How are they made?
xv.4. Biodiesel: From Transesterification
xv.5. Biofuels: Generations
xv.6. Liquid Tree: Liquid 3.0
xv.7. Gasifying Biofuels: Biomethanation and CBG
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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3. The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors/ contributions from different parts of the country.
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4. Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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6. Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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8. Effects of globalization on Indian society.
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9. Social empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism.
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10. Salient features of the world’s physical geography.
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10.1. Physical Geography & Their Features
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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11. Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
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11.1. Geography (India, People and Economy)
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12. Important Geophysical phenomena such as Earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, Cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including Waterbodies and Ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
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12.1. India: Physical Environment
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12.2. Human Geography
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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3. Separation of powers between various organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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8. Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies
All topics that need updates are given below.
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9. Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-Judicial bodies
All topics that need updates are given below.
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10. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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11. Development Processes and the Development Industry- the Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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13. Issues relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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14. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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16. Role of Civil Services in a Democracy
All topics that need updates are given below.
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18. Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s Interests.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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17. India and its neighborhood relations
All topics that need updates are given below.
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19. Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests, Indian Diaspora.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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3. Government Budgeting.
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4. Major crops – cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems – storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
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5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
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6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
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9. Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
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11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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12. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
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13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
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14. Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
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16. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
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19. Security challenges and their management in border areas; -linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
8. Ethics Case Studies
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GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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2. Light
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3. Electricity
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4. Magnetism
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5. Sound
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6. Matter
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7. Atoms & Molecules
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8. Chemical Reactions & Equations
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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11. Cells & Tissues
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12. Plant Organisms
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13. Animal Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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15. Food & Crops
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16. Natural Phenomenon
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17. Our Environment
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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21. Defence Technology
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22. Nuclear Technology
All topics are given below
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23. Frontier Technologies
All topics are given below
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7. Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
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24. Miscellaneous
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
January National & International CA 2025
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February National & International CA 2025
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March National & International CA 2025
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April National & International CA 2025
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May National & International CA 2025
0/4
June National & International CA 2025
0/4
July National & International CA 2025
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