Model

Description

Examples

Entitlement-Based Model: Post-Independence Era

State-led Development Theory – The initial emphasis was on setting up governance structures for the newly – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Five-Year Plans (1951): Aimed to industrialize and modernize the economy. 

License Raj (1950s-1980s): Required numerous licenses, fostering bureaucratic oversight and limiting economic – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Shift Towards Participation-Based Model: Late 20th Century

Promoted equality and freedom, moving towards participatory democracy and – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992): Empowered local bodies, enhancing grassroots governance.

LPG Reforms and Rolling back of – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Establishment of Rights-Based Legislations: 21st Century

Rights-Based Approach – Solidified the rights-based model with key legislations recognizing basic services as – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Right to Information Act (2005): Increased governmental transparency.  

Right to Education Act (2009): Made education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14. 

Food Security Act (2013): Guaranteed subsidized grains to 67% of the – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Governance Reforms and Initiatives Post-2014

Minimum Government Maximum Governance – Focused on digital governance, transparency, and enhancing – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 

Digital India (2015): Aimed to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. 

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Implementation (2017): Simplified a complex tax system into a single tax regime, enhancing – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –