UPSC PowerPack Notes 2025 [English]

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PT + Mains Syllabus covered [Hardcopy + Online Updates]
National + International Current Affairs [Online]
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Course Content

GS1
All topics given below

Exactly as per official UPSC syllabus

1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Overview
A. Visual Art
A.1. Indian Paintings from ancient to modern times
i. Prehistoric Paintings
ii. Mural & Cave Paintings
iii. Medieval Indian Paintings
iv. List of Folk Paintings
v. Modern and Contemporary Art
vi. Folk and Tribal Art
A.2. Pottery
i. Early Pottery Traditions
ii. Evolution of Pottery in Ancient India
iii. Medieval Pottery Traditions
iv. Types of Indian Pottery
v. Famous Pottery Styles and Centers in India
vi. Techniques of Pottery Making in India
vii. Significance and Role of Pottery in Indian Society
viii. Challenges Faced by the Pottery Industry in India
ix. Current Trends and Future of Pottery in India
A.3. Architecture
i. Evolution of Indian Architecture
ii. Indus Valley Architecture
iii. Rock Cut Architecture
iv. Temple Architecture
v. Indo-Islamic Architecture
vi. Types of Architecture
vii. Modern Architecture
viii. Significance of Architecture
ix. Recent developments of Architecture
A.4. Sculpture
i. Features of Indian Sculpture
ii. Indus Valley Civilization Sculpture
iii. Mauryan Empire Sculptures
iv. Post Mauryan Empire Sculptures
v. Sculptures of Medieval India
vi. Modern Indian Sculptures
B. Performing Arts
B.1. Dance
i. Classical Dances of India
ii. Folk Dances of India
B.2. Music
i. Classical Music of India
ii. Comparison of Hindustani Classical Music and Carnatic Classical Music
B.3. Puppetry
B.4. Indian Puppetry in Broader way
i. Origin of Indian Puppetry
ii. Classification of Indian puppetry
iii. String Puppet
iv. Shadow Puppetry
v. Rod Puppetry
vi. Glove Puppetry
B.5. Theatre
B.6. Indian Theatre Forms
i. Classical Sanskrit Theatre
ii. Prominent Sanskrit plays of the ancient period
iii. Main Features of Sankrit plays
iv. Reasons for the decline of Sanskrit Theatre
v. Folk Theatre
B.7. Martial Arts
i. Martial Arts Origin and Evolution
ii. Martial Arts Major Forms in India
iii. Other forms of Martial Arts
iv. Martial Arts Government Initiatives
C. Literary Arts
i. Literature
ii. Ancient Indian Literature
iii. All About Medieval Literature

2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.

A. India on the Eve of British Conquest
A.1. Development of the Mughal Empire
i. Development of the Mughal Empire
ii. Later Mughals
iii. Foreign Invasions
iv. Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire
A.2. Rise of Regional Powers
i. Successor States
ii. The New States (Insurgent States)
iii. Independent Kingdoms
iv. Conclusion
A.3. Nadir Shah’s Invasion
i. Nadir Shah
ii. Nadir Shah’s Invasion
iii. Damage on Mughal Empire
A.4. Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasions
B. Modern History
B.1. Social and Economic Conditions in 18th Century
B.2. British Conquest of India
i. Emergence of Capitalism and Imperialism in Europe
ii. Advent of Europeans in India
iii. The Carnatic Wars: Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy
iv. British Conquest of Bengal – Plassey to Buxar (1757-65)
v. Anglo-Mysore Wars: British Conquest of Mysore
vi. Anglo-Maratha Wars: First, Second & Third Anglo Maratha War
vii. British Conquest of Sindh (1843)
viii. British Conquest of Punjab (1849)
ix. Doctrine of Lapse Policy
B.3. British Expansion beyond Indian Frontiers
i. Reasons for British Expansion Beyond Indian Frontiers
ii. Anglo-Nepalese War/Gorkha War (1814-16)
iii. Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1885)
iv. Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839-1919)
v. British Relations with Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet
C. Indian Renaissance and Reform Movements
C.1. Social and Religious Reform Movements
i. Introduction
ii. Classification of Reform Movements
iii. Brahmo Samaj and Raja Ram Mohan Roy
iv. Swami Vivekananda
v. Theosophical Movement
vi. Sikh Reform Movements
vii. Reform Movement Among the Parsis
viii. Other Reform Movements
ix. Prominent Reformers of the 19th Century
x. Caste Movements and Organisation
xi. Socio-Religious Reform Movements and Organisations
xii. Muslim Socio-Religious Movements and Organisation
C.2. Civil Uprisings: Peasant Resistance Against British Rule Before 1857
i. Introduction
ii. Civil Uprisings
iii. Other Civil Uprisings
iv. Important Peasant Movements
v. Conclusion
C.3. Revolt of 1857, Causes, Leaders, Consequences, Reasons of Failure
i. Revolt of 1857 Causes
ii. Revolt of 1857 Events
iii. Revolt of 1857 Leaders
iv. Reasons of Failure of the Revolt of 1857
v. Revolt of 1857 Consequences
D. India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement
E. Modern Indian History Books and Authors
E.1. Growth of modern Indian history books
E.2. Modern Indian History Books and Authors
E.3. Conclusion
F. Conclusion

3. The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors/ contributions from different parts of the country.

Overview
A. Early Resistance To British Rule (1757-1857)
B. The First War Of Independence (1857)
C. Formative Phase (1885-1905)
D. Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911)
E. The Gandhian Era (1869-1948): Chronological Overview
E.1. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948): Chronological Overview
E.2. Facts About Gandhi
E.3. 11 Principles Of Mahatma Gandhi – Gandhiji’s Vows
E.4. Main Events During The Gandhian Era
F. Subaltern Contributions To The Indian Freedom Struggle
G. Revolutionary Movements In The Indian Freedom Struggle
H. The Indian Freedom Struggle: Conclusion

4. Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

A. Integration Of Princely States Of India, Reasons, Issues
A.1. Princely States During Independence
A.2. What Were The Problems Of Integration?
A.3. Accession Process
i. Fast-track Integration
ii. Integration of Major States
A.4. Post-Integration Issues
B. Reorganisation Of States: Background, Rationale, Debate
B.1. Background Of State Reorganisation In India
B.2. Rationale Behind The Reorganisation Of The Indian States
B.3. Commissions Related To State Reorganisation
B.4. New States And Union Territories Created After 1956
i. Current Statehood Demands

5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.

A. Industrial Revolution: Origin, Impact And Timeline
A.1. Modern Industrialisation
A.2. First Industrial Revolution: 1765
A.3. Second Industrial Revolution: 1870
A.4. Third Industrial Revolution: 1969
A.5. Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0): Present
A.6. Industry 4.0 And India
A.7. Conclusion
B. World Wars
B.1. World War – I
i. Introduction
ii. Timeline
iii. WW1: Causes
iv. World War 1: A Glimpse
v. WW1: Consequences
vi. WW1 and India
B.2. World War – II
i. Introduction
ii. WW2: Timeline
iii. WW2: Causes
iv. WW2: A Glimpse
v. WW2: Aftermath
vi. WW2: Outcomes
vii. World War 2 and India
C. Redrawal Of National Boundaries
C.1. Redrawal Of National Boundaries
C.2. The Congress Of Vienna (1814-15)
C.3. Major Events Before The First World War
C.4. Europe In 1914
i. How WWI changed the map
C.5. World War II And Redrawal Of National Boundaries
C.6. Major Events After WW II
C.7. The Emergence Of New Nations
i. Asia
ii. Middle east
iii. Israel -Palestine conflict
iv. Africa
v. Decolonization of Africa
C.8. Other Important Events
D. Colonization
D.1. Types Of Colonization
D.2. Reasons For Colonization
D.3. Merits Of Colonialism
D.4. Impact Of Colonialism
D.5. Establishment Of Colonies In Asia
D.6. Social And Economic Impact Of Colonialism On India
D.7. Conclusion
E. Decolonization
E.1. Introduction
E.2. Decolonisation: Stages
E.3. Reasons For Decolonisation
E.4. Aspects Of Decolonisation In Various Regions Of The World
E.5. Challenges Associated With Decolonisation
i. Post-colonial organizations
F. Political Philosophies Like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism Etc.- Their Forms And Effect On The Society.
F.1. Political Philosophies: Capitalism
F.2. Political Philosophies: Socialism
F.3. Political Philosophies: Communism
F.4. Conclusion

6. Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

A. Salient Features Of Indian Society
A.1. What Is a ‘Society’?
A.2. What Are The General Traits Of Indian Society?
A.3. What Are The Salient Features Of Indian Society?
i. Multi-ethnicity
ii. Multilingualism
iii. Multi-religious
iv. Caste system
v. Family, Marriage, and Kinship
vi. Tribalism
vii. Co-existence of traditionalism and modernity
viii. Balance between individualism and collectivism
ix. Balance between spiritualism and materialism
A.4. What Factors Threaten Peace And Harmony In Indian Society?
B. Diversity Of India
B.1. What Is Diversity?
B.2. What Are The Various Manifestations Of Diversity In India?
B.3. What Are The Elements Of Unity In India?
B.4. What Does India Gain Through Its Unity And Diversity?
B.5. What Are The Factors That Threaten India’s Diversity?
B.6. What Are The Existing Mechanisms To Promote Unity And Diversity In India?
B.7. How To Strike A Balance Between Unity And Diversity In India?

7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

A. Role Of Women And Women’s Organizations
A.1. Role Of Women In India
i. How has the role and status of women in India evolved over time?
ii. What is the role of women in Indian society in general?
iii. What is the role of women in Indian politics?
iv. What is the role of women in India’s Economic growth story?
v. What is the role of women in environmental conservation and sustainable development?
vi. What measures could help enhance the role of women?
A.2. Women Organizations In India
i. How did women organizations and feminist movements evolve in India?
ii. What are some of the important women’s organizations in India?
iii. What are the challenges faced by women’s organizations in India?
iv. How can the role of women organizations be enhanced in India?
B. Population And Associated Issues
B.1. Recent Context
B.2. Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Population
B.3. India’s Demographic Dividend
B.4. India-Demographic Data
B.5. Consequences Of Overpopulation
B.6. Current Context Regarding Overpopulation
B.7. Planning In India Associated With Population
B.8. Ethical Consideration For Population Control
B.9. Steps Being Taken By The Government For Population Control:
B.10. International Focus On Population
B.11. Conclusion
C. Poverty And Developmental Issues
C.1. What Is Poverty?
C.2. What Is The Status Of Poverty In India?
C.3. What Are The Distinct Characteristics Of Poverty In India?
C.4. What Are The Factors Contributing To Poverty In India?
C.5. What Are The Developmental Issues Which arise Due To Poverty In India?
C.6. How Is Poverty In India Related To Its Demography?
C.7. What Measures Can Help To Alleviate Poverty In India?
D. Urbanization: Problems And Remedies.
D.1. What Leads To Urbanization?
D.2. Urbanization In India
D.3. Global Scenario
D.4. Significance Of Urbanization
D.5. Drawbacks Of Urbanization
D.6. Government Schemes To Manage Urbanization
D.7. Way Forward

8. Effects of globalization on Indian society.

9. Social empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism.

10. Salient features of the world’s physical geography.

Overview
A. Physical Geography
B. Geomorphology
B.1. The Earth And Its Evolution
B.2. Origin Of Earth
B.3. Evolution Of Earth
B.4. Interior Of The Earth
B.5. Structure Of The Earth
B.6. Distribution Of Oceans And Continents
B.7. Continental Drift Theory
B.8. Conventional Current Theory
B.9. Concept Of Seafloor Spreading
B.10. Plate Tectonics
B.11. Minerals And Rocks
B.12. Rocks
B.13. Geomorphic Process
B.14. Endogenic Forces
B.15. Exogenic Process
B.16. Landforms
i. Landforms Made By Running Water
ii. Landforms Made By Glaciers
iii. Landforms Made By Groundwater
iv. Landforms Made By Waves And Currents
v. Landforms Made By Winds
C. Climatology
C.1. Atmosphere
C.2. Structure Of The Atmosphere
C.3. Solar Radiation And Heat Budget
C.4. Temperature
C.5. Air Masses
C.6. Fronts
C.7. Extra-Tropical Cyclones
C.8. Tropical Cyclones
C.9. Jet Streams
D. Water In The Atmosphere
D.1. Evaporation And Condensation
D.2. Clouds
D.3. Precipitation
D.4. Types Of Rainfall
D.5. World Climate And Climate Change
E. Oceanography
E.1. Hydrological Cycle
E.2. Relief Of Ocean Floor
E.3. Divisions Of The Ocean Floors
E.4. Other Relief
E.5. The Temperature Of Ocean Waters
i. Salinity In The Ocean Water
E.6. Horizontal And Vertical Distribution Of Salinity
E.7. Movements Of Ocean Water
E.8. Islands And Coral Reefs
i. Types of Islands
ii. Coral reefs
F. Soil Formation
G. Salient Features Of The World’s Physical Geography: Examples

10.1. Physical Geography & Their Features

A. Geography As A Discipline
B. The Origin & Evolution Of The Earth
B.1. Early Theories
B.2. Modern Theories
C. Interior Of The Earth
C.1. Sources Of Information About The Interior
C.2. Structure Of The Earth
C.3. Volcanoes And Volcanic Landforms
i. Types of volcanoes
ii. Volcanic Landforms
D. Distribution Of Oceans & Continents
D.1. Continental Drift
D.2. Concept Of Seafloor Spreading
D.3. Plate Tectonics
D.4. Movement Of The Indian Plate
E. Minerals And Rocks
E.1. Minerals
E.2. Rocks
F. Geomorphic Processes
F.1. Endogenic Processes
F.2. Exogenic Processes
F.3. Weathering
F.4. Mass Movements
F.5. Soil Formation
G. Landforms And Their Evolution
H. Composition And Structure Of Atmosphere
H.1. Composition Of Atmosphere
H.2. Structure Of The Atmosphere
I. Solar Radiation, Heat Balance And Temperature
I.1. Solar Radiation
I.2. Heat Balance
I.3. Temperature
J. Atmospheric Circulation And Weather Systems
K. Water In The Atmosphere
L. World Climate And Climate Change
L.1. Koeppe N ’s Scheme Of Classification Of Climate
M. Water (Oceans)
M.1. Relief Of The Ocean Floor
N. Movements Of Ocean Water
O. Life On The Earth
P. Biodiversity And Conservation

10.2. Introduction to Maps

11. Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).

A. Distribution Of Key Natural Resources Across The World (Including South Asia And The Indian Sub-Continent)
A.1. Natural Resources
A.2. Distribution Of Key Natural Resources
i. Minerals and metals
ii. Energy Resources/Fossil Fuels
iii. Nuclear Energy Resources
iv. Renewable Energy Resources
v. Other Natural Resources
B. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Primary, Secondary And Tertiary Sector Industries In Various Parts Of The World (Including India)
B.1. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Industries
B.2. Primary Sector Industries
B.3. Secondary Sector Industries
B.4. Tertiary Sector Industries
B.5. Geographical Factors
B.6. Non-Geographical Factors
B.7. Industrial System
B.8. Industrialization And Urbanization
B.9. Agglomeration Economies
B.10. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Industries In India

11.1. Geography (India, People and Economy)

A. Population: Distribution, Density, Growth And Composition
A.1. Population Composition
B. Migration : Types, Causes And Consequences
C. Human Development
D. Human Settlements
D.1. Functional Classification of Towns
E. Land Resources And Agriculture
E.1. Land Use Categories
E.2. Land-Use Changes In India
E.3. Agricultural Land Use In India
E.4. Common Property Resources
E.5. Cropping Seasons In India
F. Water Resources
G. Minerals
G.1. Mineral And Energy Resources
H. Manufacturing Industries
H.1. Types Of Industries
H.2. Location Of Industries
H.3. Industrial Regions And Districts
H.4.Major Industries
H.5. Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization (LPG) And Industrial Development
I. Planning And Sustainable Development In Indian Context
J. Transport And Communication
K. International Trade
L. Geographical Perspective On Selected Issues And Problems

12. Important Geophysical phenomena such as Earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, Cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including Waterbodies and Ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

A. Important Geophysical Phenomena Such As Earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic Activity
A.1. Earthquakes
i. Seismic waves come in different types
A.2. Tsunami
A.3. Cyclone
i. The key elements and processes involved in the concept of a cyclone
ii. Types of Cyclones
B. Geographical Features And Their Location
B.1. Mountain Ranges Of The World
B.2. River Systems
B.3. Oceans Of The World And Associated Features
B.4. Plateaus Of The World
B.5. Major Plains Of The World
B.6. Major Straits Of The World
B.7. Other Geographical Features
B.8. Conclusion
C. Changes In Critical Geographical Features (Including Waterbodies And Ice-Caps) And In Flora And Fauna And The Effects Of Such Changes.
C.1. Critical Geographical Features And Changes
i. Mountains
ii. Water bodies
iii. Groundwater
iv. Ocean
C.2. Glaciers And Ice-Caps
C.3. Flora And Fauna
C.4. Changes In Flora
i. Grasslands
ii. Forest
iii. Mangrove
C.5. Changes In Fauna

12.1. India: Physical Environment

A. India– Location
B. Structure And Physiography
B.1. Physiography
C. Drainage System
C.1. The Himalayan Drainage
C.2. The Peninsular Drainage System
D. Climate
D.1. Factors Determining The Climate Of India
D.2. The Rhythm Of Seasons
E. Natural Vegetation
E.1. Types Of Forests
E.2. Forest Cover In India
E.3. Forest Conservation
E.4. Wildlife Conservation In India
E.5. Biosphere Reserves
F. Soils
G. Natural Hazards And Disasters
G.1. Natural Disasters And Hazards In India
G.2. Disaster Management

12.2. Human Geography

A. Human Geography (Nature And Scope)
B. The World Population Distribution, Density And Growth
B.1. Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Population
B.2. Patterns Of Population Distribution In The World
B.3. Density Of Population
B.4. Population Growth
C. Population Composition
D. Human Development
E. Primary Activities
F. Secondary Activities
F.1. Manufacturing
F.2. Classification Of Manufacturing Industries
G. Tertiary And Quaternary Activities
G.1. Tertiary Activities
G.2. People Engaged In Tertiary Activities
G.3. Quaternary Activities
H. International Trade
H.1. History Of International Trade
H.2. Gateways Of International Trade
I. Human Settlements
I.1. Types And Patterns Of Settlements
i. Rural Settlements
ii. Urban Settlements
I.2. Classification Of Towns On The Basis Of Forms

GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.

6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.

8. Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies

Overview
A. President of India
B. Vice President of India
C. Prime Minister
D. Council of Ministers
E. Governor of States
F. Chief Justice of India (CJI) and Judges of the Supreme Court
G. Election Commission of India
H. Union Public Service Commission
I. State Public Service Commission
I.1. Powers
J. Finance Commission
K. Goods and Services Tax Council
L. Attorney General for India
M. Comptroller and Auditor General of India
N. National Commission for Scheduled Castes
O. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
P. National Commission for Backward Classes
Q. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
R. Advocate General

10. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.

12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.

13. Issues relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

14. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.

16. Role of Civil Services in a Democracy

19. Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests, Indian Diaspora.

GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.

1. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.

A. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning
A.1. Definition of the term Economy
A.2. Indian Economy in different phases
A.3. Economic Planning
A.4. Objectives of Economic Planning
A.5. Issues Related to Economic Planning
B. Indian Economy issues relating to mobilization of resources
B.1. Mobilization of Resources
B.2. Types of Resources of India
B.3. Mobilization of Natural Resources
B.4. Mobilization of Human Resources
B.5. Mobilization of Financial Resources
B.6. State Finance Concerns
B.7. Important Issues with mobilization of resources in the Indian Economy
C. Indian Economy and issues relating to Growth
D. Indian Economy and issues relating to development
E. Indian Economy and Issues Relating to Employment
F. Conclusion

2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.

3. Government Budgeting.

4. Major crops – cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems – storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.

5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.

6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.

9. Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

12. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

14. Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

16. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.

19. Security challenges and their management in border areas; -linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.

1. Environment

C.8. State Of The World’s Forests (SOFO)
C.2. Forest Ecosystem
M. Protected Area Network
M.1. Introduction
M.2. Wildlife Protection Act 1972
M.3. WildLife Sanctuary (WLS)
M.4. Conservation Reserve and Community Reserves
M.5. Other Protected Areas
M.6. The Man and Biosphere
M.7. Biodiversity Spots
M.8. Marine MegaFauna Stranding Guidelines
N. Conservation Efforts
N.1. Project Tiger
N.2. Tiger Reserve
N.3. Innovations In the 2010 National Tiger assessment
N.4. Project Lion
N.5. Project Elephant
N.6. Monitoring Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) Programme
N.7. Project Vulture
N.8. Project One Horn Rhino
N.9. Project Snow Leopard
N.10. Secure Himalaya
N.11. Sea Turtle Project
N.12. Indian Crocodile Conservation Project
N.13. Project Hangul
N.14. Dolphins
N.15. Government Measures to prevent Wildlife entry into Human Habitats
N.16. National Wildlife Action Plan
N.17. DNA Barcoding
N.18. Conservation Classification of Species
R.5. Rise in Sea Levels
T. Climate Change Organizations
T.1. UNFCCC
T.2. Kyoto Protocol (KP): COP-3
T.3. Climate-Smart Agriculture
T.4. Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (Pcc)
T.5. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (NGGIP)
T.6. Green Economy
T.7. Bali Meet
T.8. Cop 15 Copenhagen Summit
T.9. COP 16 Cancun Summit
T.10. Cop 17 Durban Summit
T.11. Doha Outcomes Cop 18 2012
T.12. Warsaw Outcomes Cop 19 2013
T.13. Lima Outcomes Cop 20 2014
T.14. Paris Climate Change Conference Cop 21 2015
T.15. Marrakech Climate Change Conference – Cop 22 2016
T.16. Bonn Climate Change Conference – Cop 23, 2017
T.17. COP 24, 2018
T.18. Glasgow COP 26 Outcomes
T.19. Sharm El-Sheikh COP 27 Outcomes
T.20. Other Mechanisms of UNFCCC
T.21. REDD & REDD+
T.22. The GEF
T.23. Global Climate Finance Architecture
V. Act and Policies
V.1. Wildlife Protection Act 1972
V.2. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
V.3. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
V.4. The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006
V.5. Green Highways Policy, 2015
V.6. Chemical Safety
V.7. Coastal Regulation Zone, 2011
V.8. Island Protection Zone Notification, 2011
V.9. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.10. Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Its Salient Features
V.11. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.12. Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.13. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.14. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
V.15. Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017
Y. International Environmental Convention
Y.1. Major Environmental International Conventions
Y.2. United Nations Conference on Environment And Development (UNCED)
Y.3. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Y.4. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
Y.5. COP 11 Hyderabad
Y.6. Ramsar Convention On Wetlands
Y.7. CITES
Y.8 Other Major Environmental Conventions

GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.

8. Ethics Case Studies

Case Study – 1: Call of Duty
Case Study – 2: Public duty
Case Study – 3: Corruption nexus
Case Study – 4: Rule of Law
Case Study – 5: Mob Lynching
Case Study – 6: Environmental and Human Rights
Case Study – 7 Ethical values
Case Study – 8: National Security
Case Study – 9: Privatization of public services
Case Study – 10: Public Safety
Case Study – 11: Emotional Intelligence
Case Study – 12: Development
Case Study – 13 : Fair Elections
Case Study – 14 : Resident Welfare Association (RWA)
Case Study – 15 : Sexual Harassment
Case Study – 16 : HIV
Case Study – 17 : Experimental Drugs
Case Study – 18: Refugee Settlement
Case Study – 19 : Right to be Forgotten
Case Study – 20: Environmental Impact Assessment
Case Study – 21: Duty
Case Study – 22 : Pilgrimage Centre
Case Study – 23: Encounter Killings
Case Study – 24 : HIV Positive Employee

GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below

1. Motion & Measurements

i. Motion and Measurement of Time: Method, Types & Evolution
ii. Motion & Measurement of Length: Physics, Method, Standard Unit & Diversity
iii. Motion Dynamics: Types, Measurement Method & Spectrum of Movement
iv. Graphical Representation of Motion: Distance-Time & Velocity-Time Graphs
v. Equations of Motion & Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
v.1. Equations of Motion: Understanding the Dynamics of Velocity, Acceleration, and Distance in Linear Motion
v.2. Understanding the Dynamics of Circular Motion: From Acceleration to Equations of Motion (Uniform Circular)
vi. Force and Laws of Motion: Balanced & Unbalanced Forces, Inertia of Mass
vii. Laws of Motion: Newton’s Law & Mathematical Explanation
vii.1. Impact of Unbalanced Forces in the Second Law of Motion
vii.2. The Mathematical Correlation: Exploring the Second Laws of Motion and Its Real-life Dynamics
vii.3. Balancing Forces: Exploring the Dynamics of Newton’s Third Laws of Motion
viii. Gravitation: Newton’s Laws & Universal Movement of Celestial Bodies
viii.1. Newton’s Laws and Celestial Forces
viii.2. Unlocking the Mysteries of Gravitation: The Universal Law Revealed
ix. Universal Law of Gravitation: Significance, Value, & Celestial Forces
ix.1. Newton’s Universal Law and Its Cosmic Significance
x. Mass and Weight: Fundamental Concepts in Physics
x.1. Dynamics of Mass and Weight in Physics
xi. Work and Energy: Mechanical Dynamics in Physics
xi.1. Fundamental Concepts of Work and Energy
xii. Forms of Energy & Work: Conservation, Transformation and Dynamics
xii.1. Understanding Transformations and Forms of Energy
xii.2. Energy: From the Sun to Scientific Definitions and Measurements
xii.3. How do objects shape and transform the various Forms of Energy, including Kinetic and Potential Energies?
xiii. The Law of Conservation of Energy: Definition, Types of Energy & Measurement
xiii.1. Unchanging Force: The Law of Conservation of Energy
xiv. Force and Pressure: Effects on Motion and Shape
xiv.1. Force and Pressure: Impact on Motion and Structures
xiv.2. Contact Forces: Friction, Motion, Force and Pressure interaction
xiv.3. Non-contact Forces: Magnet Experiments and Electrostatic Influences
xv. Fluid Dynamics: Thrust, Pressure, Buoyancy, and Atmospheric Forces in Action
xv.1. Fluid Dynamics in Action: Exploring Thrust, Pressure, and Real-Life applications
xv.2. How is Pressure exerted by Liquids and Gases in Fluid Dynamics?
xv.3. Atmospheric Pressure: A Fluid Dynamics Perspective
xv.4. Buoyancy in Fluid Dynamics: Forces Behind Floating Objects
xv.5. Why do objects Float or Sink in Fluid Dynamics?
xv.6. Conclusion
xvi. Archimedes’ Principle: Forces of Fluids and Buoyancy
xvi.1. Archimedes’ Principle in Fluid Mechanics
xvii. Power of Frictional Force: Dynamics, Factors, and Impact in Our World
xvii.1. Frictional Force: Shaping Efficiency, Motion, and Stability in Everyday Life
xviii. Friction: Dual Forces shaping everyday Life, Efficiency and Design
xviii.1. Dual Nature of Friction in Daily Life
xviii.2. Conclusion
xix. The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature

2. Light

i. Light: Laws of Reflection, Types, and Optical Law
ii. Reflection of Light: Understanding Spherical Mirrors and Their Optical Secrets
iii. Reflections: Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors through Ray Diagrams
iii.1. How is the formation of images by Spherical Mirrors illustrated through Ray Diagrams?
iii.2. Mirror Magic: Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
iv. Spherical Lens Dynamics: Refraction, Focus, and Optical Design
iv.1. How does the Spherical Lens Shape Impact Light Refraction?
iv.2. Spherical Lens Image Formation: Illuminating Perspectives through Ray Diagrams
v. Refraction Of Light: Medium, Density, Speed, & Law
v.1. Introduction: Bending the Light: the Magic of Refraction of Light in Different Mediums
v.2. Conclusion
vi. Natural Light Phenomena: Refraction, Rainbows, & Atmospheric Refraction
vi.1 Prism Play: Light Phenomena through Refraction Magic
vi.2. Conclusion
vii. Human Eye: Definition, Structure, Function & Parts
vii.1. Introduction to The Human Eye as Your Window to the Colorful World
vii.2. Conclusion
viii. Human Eyes: Defects of Vision – Correction & Challenge
viii.1. An Introduction to Refractive Defects of vision and the Gradual Loss of Eye Accommodation
viii.2. Conclusion

3. Electricity

i. Electricity: Basics of Electrical Components
i.1. Introduction to Basics of Electrical Components
i.2. Conclusion
ii. Electric Current: The Fundamentals, Circuits, Potentials
ii.1. Electric Current: A Fundamental Force in Modern Technology
ii.2. Conclusion
iii. Ohm’s Law: Basics of Electricity and Circuits
iii.1. Introduction to Ohm’s Law
iii.2. Conclusion
iv. System of Resistors: Ohm’s Law, Resistance, Electric Power
iv.1. Electrical Circuits: System of Resistors in Series and Parallel Configurations
iv.2. Conclusion
v. Electric Current: Conductivity, Effects, & Applications
vi. Heating Effect of Electric Current: Applications and Safety Measures
vi.1. Heating Effect of Electric Current: Essential for Safe Energy Use
vii. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current: Powering Wires, Electromagnets, and Electric Bells
vii.1. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current: Oersted’s Magnetic Revelation
vii.2. Conclusion
viii. Piezoelectric Effect

4. Magnetism

5. Sound

i. Sound Waves: Vibrations, Production & Wave Mechanics
i.1. Sound Waves: Vibrations, Energy, and the Art of Hearing
ii. Speed of Sound: Pitch, Amplitude, & Wavelength
ii.1. Speed of Sound: Pitch, Amplitude, and characteristics of sound waves
ii.2. Description of Sound Waves: Frequency, Amplitude, and Speed Essentials
ii.3. Various Elements associated with Sound: Wavelength, Frequency, and Sonic Phenomena
iii. Reflection of Sound: Echoes, Loudness, and Reverberation
iv. Ultrasonic Waves: Cleaning, Imaging, and Sonar Applications

6. Matter

i. Three States of Matter: Solid, Liquid & Gas State
i.1. States of Matter in Our Tiny Particle Universe
i.2. States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous States
i.3. Heat and Change: States of Matter Through Temperature
i.4. Effect of Change of Pressure: Transforming Gases in States of Matter
i.5. Conclusion
ii. Mixtures: Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
iii. States of Transformation: Nature of Physical and Chemical Changes
iii.1. Dynamic Transformation: Chemistry of Physical and Chemical Changes:
iii.2. Purity: Fixed Structure and types of Pure Substances
iii.3. Are Compounds Formed through Elemental Transformation?
iv. Methods of Separation: Extracting Purity and Isolating Substances in Various Techniques
iv.1. Methods of Separation of substance in Mixtures for Purification
iv.2. What Methods of Separation are employed for effective substance Extraction in Mixtures?
iv.3. What are the Methods of Separation involving Sedimentation, Decantation, and Filtration in Mixture Purification?
iv.4. Conclusion

7. Atoms & Molecules

i. Chemistry Basics – Atoms, Molecules, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
ii. Atoms and Molecules: Ancient Philosophy to Modern Atomic Theory
ii.1. Atoms and Molecules: Historical journey through Ancient insights to Atomic Theories
ii.2. Can Atoms and Molecules explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions in Chemical Combinations?
ii.3. Dalton’s Atomic Theory and the Intricate Patterns of Atoms and Molecules
ii.4. How did the discovery of charged particles reshape our understanding of atoms and molecules in the 19th century?
iii. Nuclear Chemistry Basics
iv. Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons and Electron Orbits
iv.1. Basic Elements of Atomic Structure in the Structure of Matter
iv.2. Thomson Pudding Model and the Foundations of Atomic Structure
iv.3. Rutherford’s Model of an Atom: Nucleus and Electron Paths in Atomic Structure
iv.4. How did Bohr reshape Atomic Structure with Discrete Electron Orbits and Energy Levels?
iv.5. J. Chadwick Neutron: Bridging the Mass Balance in Atomic Structure
v. Electron Orbits: Distribution Patterns and Valency in Atomic Structures
vi. Chemical Elements: Symbols, Numbers, and Atomic Mass
vi.1. Chemical Elements through Unique Symbols
vii. Building Blocks of Matter: Molecules, Ions, and Elemental Unity
viii. Chemistry Fundamentals: Molecular Mass and the Mole Concept
ix. Atomic Theory: Structure of an Atom

8. Chemical Reactions & Equations

i. Chemical Dynamics: Acids, Bases, and Indicators in Everyday Life
i.1. Chemical Dynamics: Reactions in our daily substances
i.2. How do Natural Indicators such as Litmus, Turmeric and China Rose reflect Chemical Dynamics in Acid-Base Reactions?
ii. Acid and Base: Definitions, Strength, Properties, & pH Scale
ii.1. Acid and Base Strength: pH Scale Overview
ii.2. Acid and Base Dynamics: Life and Environment
ii.3. Neutralisation: Balancing Act of Acid and Base
ii.4. Neutralisation in Practical Situations: Acid and Base Harmony
iii. Physical and Chemical Changes: Matter’s Form, Composition,
iv. Chemical Reactions: Representation, Type of Equations & Formation
iv.1. Chemical Reactions Essentials
v. Chemical Reactions: Types, Process and Transformations
v.1. Chemical Reactions: Transforming Atoms through Bond Changes
vi. Acids and Bases: Chemical Properties, Reactions, and Common Features
vi.1. Acids and Base: Fundamentals and Properties
vi.2. Acids and Base: Common Characteristics
vii. Acid, Bases and Salts: Exploring the Roles, Reactions, and Applications in Daily Life
vii.1. The Essential Roles of Salts in Science and Daily Life
vii.2. Conclusion
viii. Chemicals in Everyday Life

9. Metals & Non-Metals

i. Metals and Non-metals: Revealing the Properties, Classification, and Applications
ii. Properties of Metals & Conductivity: Physical and Chemical Characteristics
ii.1. Exploring the Remarkable Properties of Metals: Conductivity, Malleability, and More
ii.2. The Physical Marvels of Metals: Strength, State, and Shining Characteristics
ii.3. Chemical Properties of Metals
ii.4. Properties of Ionic Compounds
iii. Metallurgic Extraction: Scientific Insights into the Extraction of Metals
iii.1. Understanding the Geological Wealth: An Exploration into the Occurrence of Metals in Nature and the Significance of Ores
iii.2. Advanced Strategies for Corrosion Prevention in Metals: From Coatings to Sacrificial Protection
iii.3. Exploring the Unique Physical Properties of Nonmetals: An In-Depth Analysis
iv. Carbon and Its Compounds A Comprehensive Exploration of Its Properties
iv.1. Carbon: An Elemental Nexus in the Fabric of Life and Materials
iv.2. Allotropes of Carbon: Exploring Diamond, Graphite, and Fullerene Structures
iv.3. Versatile Nature of Carbonand its compounds: The Tetravalency and Catenation of Carbon
iv.4. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon and its Compounds: Exploring the Structure and Diversity
iv.5. Functional Diversity in Carbon and its Compounds: Exploring Hydroxyl, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxyl, and Halogen Groups
v. Ethanol: Carbon compound, Chemistry, Reactions, and Practical Applications
v.1. Standardizing Carbon Compound Nomenclature: IUPAC Rules for Global Uniformity
v.2. Exploring Homologous Series: Patterns and Variations in Organic Compounds
v.3. The Chemical Dynamics: Exploring Combustion, Oxidation, and Reactions in Carbon Compounds
v.4. Exploring the Properties and Reactions of Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid: From Solvents to Chemical Transformations
v.5. Conclusion
vi. Carbon and its Allotropes

10. Energy

i. Introduction to Energy
ii. Temperature Measurement: Method, Variation, Laboratory & Clinical Thermometers
ii.1. Temperature Measurement in Daily Life and Technological Advancements
iii. Solar Radiation: Heat Balance, Temperature Dynamics & Energy Exchange
iii.1. Solar Radiation: Earth’s Energy Exchange
iii.2. Heating and Cooling of Atmosphere: Solar Radiation Dynamics
iv. Crucial Natural Resources: Production and Challenge of Coal & Petroleum
iv.1. Nurturing Essentials: The Vital Role of Natural Resources in Our Lives
iv.2. Petroleum and Natural Gas: the ‘Black Gold’ Beneath Earth’s Surface and Its Role as Essential Natural Resources
iv.3. Exploring the Versatile Constituents of Petroleum and Natural Gas for Diverse Applications
iv.4. Limited Natural Resources: Exploring the Challenges of through Conservation and Sustainable Practices
v. Combustion and Flame: Chemistry, Conditions, and Characteristics of Fire Reactions
v.1. A Journey into the Chemistry, Heat, and Illumination of Fire
v.2. What is Combustion: Ignition, Fuel, and the Essential Conditions for Flames
v.3. Diverse Facets of Combustion: Rapid, Spontaneous, and Explosive Phenomena exposed
vi. Fire Control: Strategies, Tools, and Environmental Impact
vi.1. Prioritizing Prevention: A Comprehensive Approach to Fire Safety Management
vi.2. Understanding Fuels: Characteristics, Types, and Criteria for Efficient Combustion
vi.3. Conclusion
vii. Fossils as Energy Stores
vii.1. Coalification
vii.2. Challenges Related To Burning Of Coal
vii.3. Ways To Clean Coal
vii.4. Coal Conversions
viii. Coal burning and CCUS
viii.1. Coal Burning And CCUS: Combination To Combat Climate Change
ix. Energy In Transportation
ix.1. Components Of Crude Oil
x. India’s Strategy Of Emission Control
xi. Alternative Fuels In Transportation
xii. Hydrogen
xiii. Fuel Cells: Best Way To Use Energy From Hydrogen
xiv. Lithium-Ion Battery
xv. Biofuels
xv.1. Nature of Biofuels
xv.2. Classification of Biofuels
xv.3. How are they made?
xv.4. Biodiesel: From Transesterification
xv.5. Biofuels: Generations
xv.6. Liquid Tree: Liquid 3.0
xv.7. Gasifying Biofuels: Biomethanation and CBG
xvi. Nuclear Energy
xvi.1. Nuclear Energy
xvi.2. Components of a nuclear power plant
xvi.3. Conclusion
xvii. Wind Energy: Potential Of India
xviii. Solar Energy: Potential of India
xix. Solar PV Cells
xx. Energy Storage

11. Cells & Tissues

i. Cell Wall – Definition, Cell Wall Function, Cell Wall Layers
i.1. Cell Wall: Essential Structure for Efficient Cell Functions
i.2. Differences in Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells
ii. Cell Organelles: Structures, Functions & Role
ii.1. Structural Organization and Functional Symphony of Cell Organelles
ii.2. Cell Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum’s Role in Cell Structure and Functions
ii.3. Cell Organelles at Work: Guiding the Division for Growth and Reproduction
ii.4. Conclusion
iii. Building Blocks of Life: Different Types of Tissues in Plants and Animals
Iii.1. Exploring the Vital Roles of Different Types of Tissue in Living Organisms
iii.2. Plant- From one of the major types of Tissue
iii.3. Animal- From one of the major types of Tissue
iii.4. Conclusion

12. Plant Organisms

i. Plant Organisms: Diversity, Structure, and Conservation
i.1. Introduction to Plant Organisms: Nourishment, Reproduction, and Conservation Challenge
i.2. Exploring Plant Organisms: Categorizing the Diversity of Flora
i.3. Exploring the Details of Plant Organisms: Parts, Structure, Function, and Reproduction
i.4. Conclusion
ii. Plant Habitats and Adaptations: Component, Growth & Response
ii.1. Plant Habitats & Adaptations
ii.2. Exploring Plant Habitats: Understanding Diverse Environments from Terrestrial to Aquatic
ii.3. Life Processes in Plant Habitats: Nourishment, Growth, and Responses in the Botanical World
ii.4. Conclusion
iii. Modes of Nutrition in Plants: From Photosynthesis to Symbiosis, Nutrient Replenishment
iii.1. Nutrition in Plant – Diverse Modes and Adaptive Strategies
iii.2. Nutrition in Plants: Providing Vital Nutrients for Life
iii.3. The Magic of Photosynthesis: A Journey into Plant Nutrition in plant and Energy Production
iii.4. Other modes of Nutrition in plant (by Heterotrophs)
iii.5. Conclusion
iv. Plant Reproduction: Function, Process & Variation
iv.1. Plant Reproduction- fascinating process, diverse strategies & complexity asexual & sexual
iv.2. Understanding the Process of Plant reproduction: Meaning & Inheritance of Genes
iv.3. Diverse Modes of Plant Reproduction through Vegetative Parts and Blooming Flowers
iv.4. Asexual Reproduction
iv.5. Conclusion
v. Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Pollination, Fertilization, & Germination
v.1. Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Nurturing Genetic Diversity for Species Continuation and Evolution
v.2. Conclusion
vi. Conservation of Plants and Ecosystems: Method, Consequence & Initiative
vi.1. Conservation of Plants and Safeguarding Earth’s Green Diversity
vi.2. Conservation of plants : Understanding the Impact of Deforestation on Plants and Ecosystems
vi.3. Understanding Reforestation and the Crucial Role of Conservation of Plants
vi.4. Government Initiatives and Protected Areas in the Conservation of Plants , Forests, and Wildlife
vi.5. Brief About Protected Areas
vi.6. Conclusion
vii. Cellulose

13. Animal Organisms

i. Animal Organisms: Adaptations, Habitats, Diversity in the Animal Kingdom
i.1. Introduction to Animal Organisms: Complexity of Interconnected Systems
i.2. Conclusion
ii. Microscopic Life: Diversity, Reproduction, Significance of Microorganisms
ii.1. Protozoa in Ecosystems
ii.2. Conclusion
iii. Microorganism Reproduction: Method, Mode, Diversity & Achievements
iii.1. Diverse Modes of Microorganism Reproduction
iii.2. What are the various Asexual Reproduction techniques used by microorganisms?
iv. Microorganisms: Dual Role in Food, Medicine, Environment and Health
iv.1. Microorganisms – Balancing acts in Food, Environment and Medicine

14. Life Processes

i. Body’s Mechanics: Types of Joints & Role in Human Movement
i.1. The Articulation of Motion in the Human Body
i.2. Types of Joints: A Comprehensive Exploration of Ball and Socket, Pivotal, Hinge, and Fixed Joints in the Human Body
i.3. Skeleton as a Framework
i.4. Animal Locomotion: Diverse Gaits and Adaptive Movements in Earthworms, Snails, Cockroaches
ii. Nutrition Strategies: Autotrophic, Human Digestion & Respiratory Systems
ii.1. Approaches to Satisfying the Universal Need for Energy in Organisms
ii.2. Autotrophic Nutrition Through the Lens of Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Storage
ii.3. From Single Cells to Specialized Organs, Exploring the Evolution of Nutritional Processes in Organisms
ii.4. Nutrition in Human Beings
iii. Blood Circulation in Human Body: Organ, Function & Cardiac Diversity
iii.1. Vital Dynamics: Blood Circulation in Human Body and Plant Vascular Systems
iv. Humans and Plants Excretion: Process, Role of Kidney & Waste Management
iv.1. Excretion and the Excretory System
v. Nervous System: Definition, Structure, Control & Coordination
vi. Coordination in Plants: Movements and Chemical Communication
vii. Role of Animal Hormones: Physiology, Growth and Survival
viii. Adolescence and Puberty: Transformative journey from Childhood to Adulthood
viii.1. Adolescence and Puberty: Growth, Development and Lifelong Influence
ix. Human Sexual Reproduction: Maturation, Menstruation & Capability
x. Reproductive Health: Nutrition, Hygiene, Safe Practices
xi. Genetic Inheritance: Evolution, Traits & Role of Reproduction
xi.1. Understanding How We’re Alike and Different in the Process of Reproduction
xi.2. Family Traits: How We Get Both Similar and Different from Our Parents
xi.3. Genes at Work: How We Get Traits from Mom and Dad, Explained with Pea Plants!
xii. DNA as Code of Life
xiii. RNA and Central Dogma
xiv. Epigenetics
xv. DNA as Vehicle of Heredity
xvi. Stem Cells: Therapy, Banking, and Regulations
xvii. Speciation: An important evolutionary process
xviii. Endocrine Glands and Hormones

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About Course

Course Content

GS1 All topics given below

Exactly as per official UPSC syllabus

1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Overview

A. Visual Art

A.1. Indian Paintings from ancient to modern times

i. Prehistoric Paintings

ii. Mural & Cave Paintings

iii. Medieval Indian Paintings

iv. List of Folk Paintings

v. Modern and Contemporary Art

vi. Folk and Tribal Art

A.2. Pottery

i. Early Pottery Traditions

ii. Evolution of Pottery in Ancient India

iii. Medieval Pottery Traditions

iv. Types of Indian Pottery

v. Famous Pottery Styles and Centers in India

vi. Techniques of Pottery Making in India

vii. Significance and Role of Pottery in Indian Society

viii. Challenges Faced by the Pottery Industry in India

ix. Current Trends and Future of Pottery in India

A.3. Architecture

i. Evolution of Indian Architecture

ii. Indus Valley Architecture

iii. Rock Cut Architecture

iv. Temple Architecture

v. Indo-Islamic Architecture

vi. Types of Architecture

vii. Modern Architecture

viii. Significance of Architecture

ix. Recent developments of Architecture

A.4. Sculpture

i. Features of Indian Sculpture

ii. Indus Valley Civilization Sculpture

iii. Mauryan Empire Sculptures

iv. Post Mauryan Empire Sculptures

v. Sculptures of Medieval India

vi. Modern Indian Sculptures

B. Performing Arts

B.1. Dance

i. Classical Dances of India

ii. Folk Dances of India

B.2. Music

i. Classical Music of India

ii. Comparison of Hindustani Classical Music and Carnatic Classical Music

B.3. Puppetry

B.4. Indian Puppetry in Broader way

i. Origin of Indian Puppetry

ii. Classification of Indian puppetry

iii. String Puppet

iv. Shadow Puppetry

v. Rod Puppetry

vi. Glove Puppetry

B.5. Theatre

B.6. Indian Theatre Forms

i. Classical Sanskrit Theatre

ii. Prominent Sanskrit plays of the ancient period

iii. Main Features of Sankrit plays

iv. Reasons for the decline of Sanskrit Theatre

v. Folk Theatre

B.7. Martial Arts

i. Martial Arts Origin and Evolution

ii. Martial Arts Major Forms in India

iii. Other forms of Martial Arts

iv. Martial Arts Government Initiatives

C. Literary Arts

i. Literature

ii. Ancient Indian Literature

iii. All About Medieval Literature

2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.

A. India on the Eve of British Conquest

A.1. Development of the Mughal Empire

i. Development of the Mughal Empire

ii. Later Mughals

iii. Foreign Invasions

iv. Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire

A.2. Rise of Regional Powers

GS1
All topics given below