|
India Vs.
|
Similarities
|
Differences
|
|
France
|
Written Constitution:
- India and France have a written constitution, however, France has modified its constitution pretty often owing to instabilities.
- Presently, it is the 5th constitution in France’s history.
Type of Government:
Both nations have elected heads for specific terms.
Process of Amendments:
French constitution can be amended with a 60% majority, similar to India’s amendment process.
Republic:
Both nations are Republics with an elected head of the State.
Ideals:
India has picked up ideas of freedom, equality, and fraternity in the Preamble from the French Constitution.
Emergency Provisions:
Both nations possess the power for emergency provision.
|
Political Model: France has agreed upon a semi-presidential system with the President possessing more power than the Prime Minister, while India has adopted a parliamentary form of administration with higher power vested with the Prime Minister.
Term of the Head of Government:
Indian PM has a term of 5 years, while the French President has 7 years.
Philosophical Features:
- There is no provision for Procedure constituted by law or due process of law in the French constitution.
- France adopted full separation of state from religion, while India maintains more of a principled distance, but not full separation.
- France runs on a unitary model instead of federalism as in India.
Judiciary arrangement:
- There is no task of the judiciary in conducting elections in India, while in France the judiciary plays a significant role.
- The French court is divided into two components i.e., Judicial Courts and administrative courts, but in India, there exists no such arrangement.
|
|
Canada
|
Unitary/Federal:
- Both countries possess a federal structure. Like India, Canada has residuary powers vested with the center.
Governor Appointment:
- Central government nominates the Governor for the States and Provinces.
Executive setup:
- Members are chosen by the first past the post method.
- Both nations have an accountable government that is jointly accountable to the lower house.
Judiciary arrangement
- The appointment and advisory authority of the Supreme Court is similar to that of India.
Legislative arrangement:
- Law implemented by the parliament is relevant to the entire country
|
Written/Unwritten Constitution:
- Canada is regulated by both written and unwritten laws, while India is regulated as by the written constitution.
Political arrangement:
- Canada possesses a monarchical arrangement, while India has the President as the head of the State.
Executive arrangement:
- Governor-General is nominated by the monarch under the guidance of the Prime Minister, while in India the President is chosen by an indirect election.
Citizenship:
- There is a provision for dual citizenship in Canada, while India does not offer dual citizenship.
Judicial arrangement:
- Canada has several legal systems, while in the case of India it is absent.
|
|
Germany
|
Republic:
- Both nations are Republics with an elected head of the State.
Political arrangement:
- Both nations possess a parliamentary form of government in which the Chancellor/PM is the head of the government and the president mainly possesses ceremonial and managerial duties.
- India has picked up emergency provisions from Germany.
- Both possess a federal system.
- Both possess the features of fundamental rights.
|
- Germany possesses a very rigid constitution, while India has a flexible and rigid constitution.
Citizenship:
- Dual citizenship is permitted under specific circumstances.
|
|
Japan
|
- Both nations possess written constitutions.
Legislative arrangement:
- Both nations have parliament as their supreme legislative body.
- Both possess two houses in the parliament, in which the lower house is more powerful than the upper house.
- Similar to India, the no-confidence motion resulted in the dissolution of the house.
- In Japan, the upper house members possess a term of 6 years, and each year half of the members retire.
Philosophical features:
- Paramountcy of constitution and judicial review.
- Both nations possess the procedure established by law.
Executive arrangement:
- Similar to India, the PM of Japan can be a part of either house.
- The Council of Ministers is accountable to the lower house, similar to India.
Judiciary arrangement:
- Appointment, dismissal, and specified retirement age of judges in Japan are similar to that of India.
|
- Japan possesses a rigid constitution, while India has a flexible and rigid constitution.
- The Japanese constitution offers a unitary state.
Executive arrangement:
- Ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister, but in the case of India, they are nominated by the president under the guidance of the PM.
- In Japan, the parliament chooses the PM from the party holding the majority, while in India, that does not happen.
Judiciary arrangement:
- Judges are nominated by the Diet, however in India, there is no role of parliament.
|
|
Australia
|
- Both nations possess written constitutions.
- Both India and Australia are federal parliamentary nations with states and territories.
Legislative arrangement:
- There is a provision for 2nd reading and the same can be referred to a committee that can give some recommendations similar to India.
- India picked up the concurrent list from Australia.
- Both nations possess a provision for joint sitting to fix the deadlocks between both houses.
Judiciary arrangement:
- The supreme court is the apex court in Australia in all matters, similar to India.
- Both nations possess an independent judiciary and point out the segregation of power.
- The process for the appointment and dismissal of judges in Australia is the same as in India.
|
- Unlike India, the state of emergency legislation varies in each state of Australia.
- There exists a provision for dual citizenship in Australia that was added on 4th April 2002.
Political arrangement:
- In Australia, the head of the government is represented by a Governor-general.
Legislative arrangement:
- The Australian Constitution can be revised only with the consent of the electorate through a national referendum in which all the adults of the electorate need to participate.
- The upper house is chosen through the list system, while in India it is chosen by Single Transferable Vote.
- Legislators of the lower house are chosen for a term of 3 years in Australia, while in India they are chosen for 5 years.
|
|
USA
|
- Both nations have a written constitution.
- Both nations have the concept of fundamental rights.
- Both the nations have preamble as their constitution’s introductory statements.
- Both nations possess the office of Vice-President.
Legislative arrangement:
- Both countries have representatives from their states in the legislature.
- Both nations possess provisions for dismissal of the President, i.e., the impeachment process.
Philosophical arrangement:
- The idea of judicial review and the concept of the procedure established by law in India is picked up from the USA.
- There exists a separation of power between the various organs of the government.
- USA has a federal system and a supremacy of constitution similar to India.
|
- The USA has a rigid constitution, while India possesses a rigid and flexible constitution.
Political arrangement:
- The USA possesses a presidential form of government, while India has a Parliamentary form.
Executive arrangement:
- In the USA, the president is straight away elected by the people, while in India the president is indirectly chosen.
Amenability:
- The US constitution has just been altered 27 times in 200 years.
- Residual power vests with the states, while in India it vests with the Union.
Judiciary arrangement:
- In India, judges have retirement age, while in the USA judges can hold their position until they enjoy good health.
- Each state possesses its own constitution and supreme court, while the same is absent in India.
- USA provides dual citizenship, while it is absent in case of India.
|
|
– – – – – – –
|
Type of Government:
- Both nations possess a – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
- India has borrowed the– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Executive arrangement:
- Both the nations possess a cabinet system.
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Amendability:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
|
Written/Unwritten:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -, while India has a written constitution.
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Political arrangement:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Legislative arrangement:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -, while in India the speaker is still a member of a party.
- Parliament possesses the supreme power in the – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
|
|
– – – – – – –
|
Executive arrangement:
- In both nations- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Legislative arrangement:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
|
Political Model:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – while India possesses a parliamentary form.
Executive arrangement:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ,while the same duty is given to the Vice-president in case of India.
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – , but there exists no such constraint in India.
- The president is stronger in – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Legislative arrangement:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Judicial arrangement:
- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
|