Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
UPSC Sample Notes [English]

G.2. Capital Budget

[Image: Process of Capital Budget]

The Capital Budget is an account of the assets as well as liabilities of the Central Government. This shows the capital requirements (for creating long term durable infrastructure) of the government and the pattern of their financing.

The Capital Budget, in turn, has 2 sub-components:

Capital Receipts

They comprise the funds received by the government that are not part of the regular income sources. All those receipts of the government which create liability or reduce financial assets are termed as capital receipts.

Capital Receipts are of two types:

  • Debt Creating – These include fresh loans and other liabilities raised by the government.
  • Non-Debt Creating– These include amounts received by the government from the disposal of its assets and recovery of loans.

Capital Expenditure

It comprises expenses incurred by the government to create long-term assets and investments that give profits or dividends in the future.

Some of the major components of Capital Expenditure include:

  • Expenditure on developing infrastructure like roads, schools, hospitals, etc.
  • Investments in shares of the government companies and corporations.
  • Loans and advances made by the Central government to States and Union Territories or foreign agencies.
  • Repayments of loans and other liabilities (only repayment of the principle amount of the loan forms capital expenditure. Interest payments on loans is a part of the revenue expenditure.)

[Image: Capital Receipt]