Impact of Poor Governance on Development

PESTLE Aspect	Aspect	Details	Examples
Political	Corruption	Corruption leads to inefficient resource allocation, hindering economic growth and public trust.	The 2G Spectrum scam and the Commonwealth Games scam.
	Political Instability	Disrupts development processes and deters foreign investment.	Frequent changes in state governments due to political turmoil.
	Policy Implementation Failures	Lead to ineffective governance and unmet development goals.	Leakages in PDS
	Lack of Transparency	Reduces accountability and increases corruption.	Non-transparent allocation of natural resources (“Coalgate” scandal)
	Low Public Trust	Leading to decreased civic engagement and social cohesion.	Lower voter turnout in 2024 elections compared to 2014 and 2019
Economic	Poor Economic Management	Ineffective economic policies and poor fiscal management can lead to economic instability and reduced investor confidence.	1991 BOP Crisis
	Regulatory Uncertainty	Frequent changes in regulations and policies can create an unstable business environment.	Changes in GST Slabs
	Inefficient Market Systems	Reduce competitiveness and innovation.	Monopolistic practices, inverted duty structure.
Social	Social Inequality	Poor governance exacerbates social inequalities, limiting opportunities for marginalized communities.	Inequitable access to quality education and healthcare services in rural and urban areas.
	Quality of life	Inconsistent access to basic services like clean water, sanitation, and healthcare in various regions.	Delhi Water Crisis 2024
	Human Rights Violations	Poor governance can lead to violations of human rights, affecting citizens’ well-being and freedom.	Custodial Deaths in TN
	Displacements and poor rehabilitation	Disproportionately affecting Tribals	Sardar Sarovar Dam Project
Technological	Digital Divide	Unequal access to digital technologies limits opportunities for education and economic growth.	Only 27% of rural households have internet access, compared to 66% in urban areas (National Sample Survey).
	Cybersecurity Threats	Poor governance in cybersecurity can lead to data breaches and financial losses.	The data breach at Aadhaar
	E-Governance Implementation Issues	Delays and inefficiencies in e-governance projects can reduce their effectiveness.	The delay in rolling out the e-Health initiative in various states
	Inadequate Tech Infrastructure	Poor technological infrastructure hampers access to online services and economic activities.	Frequent power outages and slow internet speeds in rural areas limit digital engagement
Legal-Administrative	Judicial Delays	Slow judicial processes undermine the rule of law and discourage investment.	Over 4 crore cases pending in lower courts.
	Bureaucratic Inefficiency and Red Tapism	Inefficient bureaucracy can delay project approvals and implementation, hindering development.	The average turnaround time for Indian ports is 2.1 days compared to 0.4 days for Norway, 0.6 days for Netherlands, and 0.8 days for Singapore.
	Corruption	Corruption within administrative bodies can lead to misuse of resources and unfair practices.	The Vyapam scam, NEET paper leak
	Human Resource Mismanagement	Poor management of human resources can lead to underperformance and low morale among public servants.	Shortage of healthcare workers during the pandemic
Environmental	Environmental Degradation	Ineffective governance in environmental regulation leads to degradation and unsustainable resource use.	Poor implementation of EIA

A.8. Steps Taken

Aspect	Step	Details	Specific Data
Political	Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013)	Established an anti-corruption ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials.	1,200 cases investigated by Lokpal as of 2023.
	Increased Enforcement	Strengthened actions against corruption with more cases prosecuted and assets seized by the Enforcement Directorate (ED).	Assets worth ₹1 lakh crore seized between 2014-2023.
	E-Voting Pilot Projects	Testing electronic voting methods to increase voter participation.	Conducted in 8 states with positive feedback.
	Electoral Reforms	Reforms to enhance the transparency and efficiency of the electoral process.	Use of VVPAT machines
Economic	Goods and Services Tax (GST)	Simplified the tax structure, making it more transparent and efficient.	GST collections averaged ₹1.4 lakh crore monthly in FY 2023.
	Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)	Provided a structured process for insolvency resolution to improve the ease of doing business.	4,540 cases resolved, recovering ₹2.5 lakh crore as of 2023.
	Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)	Transfers subsidies directly to beneficiaries’ bank accounts to reduce leakages.	₹20.98 lakh crore transferred through DBT schemes.
	Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act	Ensures fiscal discipline by setting targets for the government’s fiscal deficit and debt.	Fiscal deficit reduced to 4.5% of GDP by FY 2023.
	Disinvestment and FDI Reforms	Encourages private sector participation in public sector units and liberalizes foreign direct investment norms.	Disinvestment target of ₹1.75 lakh crore set for FY 2023; FDI inflows increased to $81.72 billion in 2021-22.
Social	Swachh Bharat Mission	A nationwide campaign to clean up the streets, roads, and infrastructure of India’s cities and rural areas.	Over 100 million toilets built; rural sanitation coverage increased to 100%.
	Skill India	Provides skill development training to enhance employability of the workforce.	Over 5 crore people trained under the PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana).
	Atal Pension Yojana	Provides pension benefits to workers in the unorganized sector.	4 crore subscribers enrolled as of 2023.
	National Pension Scheme (NPS)	A voluntary, defined contribution retirement savings scheme.	4.5 crore subscribers with ₹7.72 lakh crore in assets under management as of 2023.
	Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)	Aims to provide affordable housing to the urban poor.	1.12 crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-Urban as of 2023.
Technological	Aadhaar (Unique Identification)	Provides a unique identity to residents, facilitating direct benefit transfers and reducing leakages.	1.3 billion Aadhaar cards issued, reducing leakages in subsidies by 20%.
	E-Governance Projects	Implements e-governance initiatives to improve service delivery and transparency in government processes.	3.5 billion e-transactions recorded under Digital India in 2023.
	BharatNet	Aims to connect all gram panchayats with high-speed internet.	1.5 lakh gram panchayats connected as of 2023.
	National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)	Creates a digital health ecosystem to manage health records electronically.	24 million health IDs created by 2023.
	UMANG App	Provides a unified platform for accessing government services.	Over 3.75 crore downloads and 2000+ services available as of 2023.
Legal	Right to Information Act (2005)	Empowered citizens to request information from the government, increasing transparency.	4.8 lakh RTI applications filed annually.
	Judicial Reforms	Implementing fast-track courts and e-courts to reduce case backlogs and improve judicial efficiency.	1,800 fast-track courts operational, reducing pendency by 20%.
	Data Protection Bill	Aims to protect citizens’ data privacy and regulate data usage by companies.	Bill passed in 2023, aiming to regulate data handling.
	Consumer Protection Act (2019)	Strengthens consumer rights and provides mechanisms for redressal.	Over 3.5 lakh cases resolved under the new act.
	Lok Adalats (People’s Courts)	Offers alternative dispute resolution to reduce court burden.	1.3 crore cases settled through Lok Adalats in 2023.
Environmental	National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)	Outlines eight missions focusing on climate change mitigation and adaptation.	Solar capacity increased to 60 GW as part of the Solar Mission.
	Namami Gange Programme	Aims to clean and rejuvenate the Ganges River.	₹30,000 crore sanctioned; significant reduction in pollution levels.
	Afforestation and Green India Mission	Promotes afforestation to increase green cover.	1.5 million hectares afforested under the Green India Mission.
	National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)	Targets reducing air pollution levels across cities.	20-30% reduction in particulate matter in 102 cities by 2024.
	Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)	Requires environmental clearances for large projects to assess and mitigate environmental impacts.	Over 5,000 projects assessed annually for environmental impact.
Improving Service Delivery	Citizen’s Charters	Outlines service delivery standards for government departments, improving transparency.	Over 1,000 Citizen’s Charters implemented across various departments.
	Sevottam Model	Framework for improving public service delivery through standard setting and performance evaluation.	Adopted by multiple government departments to enhance service quality.
	Social Audits	Engages community participation in auditing government programs for transparency and accountability.	Conducted in over 6 lakh Gram Panchayats under MGNREGA.
Decentralization	73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992)	Strengthens local governance through Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies.	Over 3 million elected representatives in Panchayati Raj Institutions.
	NITI Aayog	Promotes cooperative federalism and involves states in policy formulation.	States’ active involvement in policy planning and execution since its establishment in 2015.
	14th Finance Commission	Increases financial devolution to states for better local governance.	42% share of central taxes devolved to states, enhancing their fiscal autonomy.
Other Initiatives	Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)	Targets rapid development in underdeveloped districts to improve quality of life.	115 districts identified, with significant improvements in health, education, and infrastructure.
Other Initiatives	Good Governance Index (GGI)	Ranks states and Union Territories based on governance performance to encourage reforms.	Regular ranking published to promote competitive federalism among states.

State	Initiative	Details	Specific Data
Kerala	Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB)	Mobilizes resources for large infrastructure projects.	Over ₹20,000 crore mobilized for infrastructure projects.
	Haritha Keralam Mission	Focuses on sustainable development through waste management and water conservation.	Over 1 crore saplings planted and numerous water bodies rejuvenated.
	e-District Project	Provides government services digitally for quick and efficient delivery.	Over 1 crore transactions processed through the e-District platform.
	Citizen’s Call Center	A 24/7 helpline for information and assistance on government services.	Over 10 lakh calls handled annually.
Maharashtra	Right to Public Services Act	Ensures timely delivery of public services with penalties for non-compliance.	Over 500 services covered under the act.
	Aaple Sarkar Portal	Digital platform for accessing a wide range of government services online.	Over 3 crore users registered and millions of services availed.
	Maharashtra State Skill Development Society (MSSDS)	Focuses on skill development and vocational training.	Over 10 lakh youth trained and placed.
	Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan	A water conservation initiative to make Maharashtra drought-free.	Over 16,000 villages benefited from the program.
Tamil Nadu	Amma Unavagam (Amma Canteens)	Provides subsidized meals to the urban poor.	Over 500 canteens serving lakhs of meals daily.
	Amma Maternity Nutrition Kit	Provides nutritional supplements to pregnant women.	Over 10 lakh kits distributed annually.
	Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA)	Implements e-governance initiatives for better service delivery.	Over 200 government services available online.
	Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme	Provides health insurance to economically weaker sections.	Over 1.5 crore beneficiaries enrolled.
Karnataka	Sakala	Guarantees timely service delivery and tracks application status online.	Over 1.5 crore applications processed with 98% on-time delivery.
	Ksheera Bhagya	Provides free milk to school children to improve nutrition and academic performance.	Over 65 lakh children benefited.
	Janasevaka	Doorstep delivery service for government services.	Over 1 lakh services delivered at doorsteps.
	Bhoomi	Digitizes land records for transparency in land transactions.	Over 70 lakh land records digitized.
Andhra Pradesh	e-Pragati	A comprehensive e-governance initiative to provide integrated services to citizens.	Over 400 services integrated under the platform.
	NTR Bharosa Scheme	Provides financial assistance to senior citizens, weavers, and disabled persons.	Over 50 lakh beneficiaries supported.
	Mana Badi Nadu-Nedu	Aims to transform government schools with improved infrastructure and facilities.	Over 15,000 schools upgraded.
Rajasthan	Bhamashah Yojana	Empowers women and promotes financial inclusion through direct benefit transfers.	Over 1 crore women benefited.
	RajNet	Connects all panchayats and government offices through high-speed internet.	Over 11,000 panchayats connected.
	Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan	Focuses on water conservation and management to ensure water self-sufficiency.	Over 21,000 villages benefited from water conservation projects.
Gujarat	Mukhyamantri Amrutam (MA) Yojana	Provides health insurance for families below the poverty line.	Over 50 lakh families covered.
	Gujarat Solar Power Policy	Promotes solar energy generation to make Gujarat a solar hub.	Over 9,000 MW of solar power capacity installed.
	Smart Village Initiative	Enhances infrastructure and services in villages to promote rural development.	Over 300 villages transformed into smart villages.
West Bengal	Kanyashree Prakalpa	Provides financial aid to girls for education and prevention of early marriage.	Over 70 lakh girls benefited.
	Sabuj Sathi Scheme	Distributes bicycles to school students to promote education and reduce dropouts.	Over 1 crore bicycles distributed.
	Utkarsh Bangla	Offers vocational training to improve employability of youth.	Over 6 lakh youth trained.
Uttar Pradesh	Mission Shakti	Focuses on women’s safety, dignity, and empowerment.	Over 1.5 crore women benefited.
	Mukhyamantri Arogya Abhiyan	Provides free medical treatment to economically weaker sections.	Over 1 crore beneficiaries covered.
	One District One Product (ODOP)	Promotes local crafts and products to boost the economy and create jobs.	Over 1,000 products from various districts promoted.

A.7. Impact of Poor Governance on Development

A.8. Steps Taken

A.9. Issues With Government Schemes