Course Content
UPSC Notes Samples
Full Syllabus Covered | 100% as per Official UPSC Syllabus
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1. Art & Culture Sample
Covered under topic 1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. (copy)
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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5. Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
All topics that need updates are given below.
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
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1. Motion & Measurements
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9. Metals & Non-Metals
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10. Energy
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12. Plant Organisms
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14. Life Processes
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18. Biotechnology
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19. Information Technology
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20. Space Technology
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National & International Current Affairs (CA) 2025
Current affairs of all months are given below
UPSC Sample Notes [English]

R.6. Impacts on Coastal States in India

  • Maharashtra, Goa, and Gujarat

The coastal states of Maharashtra, Goa, and Gujarat are at serious risk because the sea level is rising. This could lead to flooding of land, including farms, and cause damage to coastal buildings and property.

  • Goa’s Vulnerability

Goa is expected to be the most affected, losing a significant portion of its land, including famous beaches and tourist spots.

  • Mumbai’s Vulnerability

In Mumbai, places like Versova beach and other populated areas near tidal mud flats and creeks are also at risk of losing land and facing more floods due to the rising sea level.

  • People Displacement

Flooding could force many people living on the coasts to leave their homes. This puts extra pressure on basic services like water, electricity, and housing in cities, contributing to fast urbanization.

  • Water Scarcity

When seawater floods the land, it can mix with freshwater sources, making clean water scarcer for people living in these areas.

  • Cyclone Risks in Orissa

States along the coasts, like Orissa, may experience more severe cyclones due to the changing climate. This poses a threat not only to people but also to various species living along the coastline.

  • Coral Reefs and Marine Life

India’s coral reefs, found in special areas called biosphere reserves, are at risk. The rising sea level is a danger to these reefs, as well as the tiny plants called phytoplankton, fish stocks, and the people who depend on them.

  • Ganges Delta Flood Risks

People living in the Ganges Delta, an area near the coast, are also at risk of floods because of rising sea levels. This affects their homes and daily lives.

[Rise in sea level over coastal areas]