v. Sculptures of Medieval India

UPSC Sample Notes [English]

v. Sculptures of Medieval India

Delhi Sultanate Sculptures

The arrival of the Muslim dynasties in the 13th century began with the Slave dynasty, followed by the Khalji, Tughluq, Saiyyid, and Lodhi dynasties. Collectively, these formed what is known as the Delhi Sultanate.
The monuments built during this period adhered to the distinct characteristics of Sultanate sculpture, which later blended with regional styles, giving rise to the unique form of Indo-Islamic architecture.
One of the most significant contributions of Sultanate architecture was the introduction of two defining architectural elements: domes and pointed arches and beams, which became hallmarks of the Indo-Islamic style that followed.
With the introduction of this new feature of the amalgamation of Hindu and Islam architecture a new experimentation in the Delhi Sultanate sculpture followed. From time to time new concepts were kept introduced. For example the double domes and enameled tiles.
Terracotta sculpture remained popular even during the Muslim era.

Mughal Sculptures

The Mughal sculptures emerged in India during 16th and 17th centuries. This school of architecture brought in the Persian influence on Indian art and architecture.
Due to an amalgamated style a separate set of features of Mughal sculptures evolved. It was under the Mughal emperor, Akbar that the Mughal art and sculpture truly flourished. The Mughal architecture thus witnessed the construction of some of the most opulent buildings in its history.
The sculptures during Akbar era comprised calligraphy and thick foliage designs. Architectural elements like domes, chhatris, jharokhas and arched gateways were primarily used. The tradition of constructing grand buildings continued.
The Mughal monuments are famous for their pristine looks and intricate stone works. The brilliant craftsmanship of the artisans is evident from architectural wonders, such as Taj Mahal, Jama Mosque, the buildings within the Red Fort and others.
The Mughals also introduced ceramic tile work, Pietra Dura inlay with coloured and semi-precious stones, carved and inlaid stonework. Foliage sculptures in between the arches are outstanding feature too.
Shallow relief depictions of flowers to intricate pierced-marble screens known as jalis were part of the carved Mughal stone sculptures .
The Mughal architecture and sculptures reached their zenith under the rule of Shah Jahan.
One of the most prominent features of Mughal architectures was that it was successful in influencing the native style, especially the Rajput sculpture and architecture.