UPSC PowerPack Notes 2025 [English]
About Course
- PT + Mains Syllabus covered [Hardcopy + Online Updates]
- National + International Current Affairs [Online]
- 🔁 Auto-Updated Till Exam*
Course Content
GS1
All topics given below
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Exactly as per official UPSC syllabus
1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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Overview
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A. Visual Art
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A.1. Indian Paintings from ancient to modern times
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i. Prehistoric Paintings
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ii. Mural & Cave Paintings
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iii. Medieval Indian Paintings
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iv. List of Folk Paintings
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v. Modern and Contemporary Art
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vi. Folk and Tribal Art
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A.2. Pottery
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i. Early Pottery Traditions
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ii. Evolution of Pottery in Ancient India
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iii. Medieval Pottery Traditions
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iv. Types of Indian Pottery
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v. Famous Pottery Styles and Centers in India
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vi. Techniques of Pottery Making in India
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vii. Significance and Role of Pottery in Indian Society
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viii. Challenges Faced by the Pottery Industry in India
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ix. Current Trends and Future of Pottery in India
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A.3. Architecture
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i. Evolution of Indian Architecture
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ii. Indus Valley Architecture
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iii. Rock Cut Architecture
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iv. Temple Architecture
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v. Indo-Islamic Architecture
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vi. Types of Architecture
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vii. Modern Architecture
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viii. Significance of Architecture
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ix. Recent developments of Architecture
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A.4. Sculpture
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i. Features of Indian Sculpture
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ii. Indus Valley Civilization Sculpture
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iii. Mauryan Empire Sculptures
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iv. Post Mauryan Empire Sculptures
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v. Sculptures of Medieval India
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vi. Modern Indian Sculptures
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B. Performing Arts
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B.1. Dance
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i. Classical Dances of India
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ii. Folk Dances of India
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B.2. Music
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i. Classical Music of India
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ii. Comparison of Hindustani Classical Music and Carnatic Classical Music
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B.3. Puppetry
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B.4. Indian Puppetry in Broader way
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i. Origin of Indian Puppetry
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ii. Classification of Indian puppetry
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iii. String Puppet
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iv. Shadow Puppetry
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v. Rod Puppetry
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vi. Glove Puppetry
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B.5. Theatre
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B.6. Indian Theatre Forms
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i. Classical Sanskrit Theatre
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ii. Prominent Sanskrit plays of the ancient period
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iii. Main Features of Sankrit plays
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iv. Reasons for the decline of Sanskrit Theatre
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v. Folk Theatre
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B.7. Martial Arts
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i. Martial Arts Origin and Evolution
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ii. Martial Arts Major Forms in India
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iii. Other forms of Martial Arts
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iv. Martial Arts Government Initiatives
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C. Literary Arts
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i. Literature
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ii. Ancient Indian Literature
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iii. All About Medieval Literature
2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. (copy)
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A. India on the Eve of British Conquest
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A.1. Development of the Mughal Empire
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i. Development of the Mughal Empire
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ii. Later Mughals
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iii. Foreign Invasions
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iv. Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire
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A.2. Rise of Regional Powers
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i. Successor States
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ii. The New States (Insurgent States)
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iii. Independent Kingdoms
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iv. Conclusion
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A.3. Nadir Shah’s Invasion
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i. Nadir Shah
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ii. Nadir Shah’s Invasion
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iii. Damage on Mughal Empire
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A.4. Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasions
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B. Modern History
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B.1. Social and Economic Conditions in 18th Century
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B.2. British Conquest of India
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i. Emergence of Capitalism and Imperialism in Europe
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ii. Advent of Europeans in India
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iii. The Carnatic Wars: Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy
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iv. British Conquest of Bengal – Plassey to Buxar (1757-65)
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v. Anglo-Mysore Wars: British Conquest of Mysore
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vi. Anglo-Maratha Wars: First, Second & Third Anglo Maratha War
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vii. British Conquest of Sindh (1843)
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viii. British Conquest of Punjab (1849)
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ix. Doctrine of Lapse Policy
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B.3. British Expansion beyond Indian Frontiers
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i. Reasons for British Expansion Beyond Indian Frontiers
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ii. Anglo-Nepalese War/Gorkha War (1814-16)
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iii. Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1885)
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iv. Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839-1919)
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v. British Relations with Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet
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C. Indian Renaissance and Reform Movements
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C.1. Social and Religious Reform Movements
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i. Introduction
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ii. Classification of Reform Movements
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iii. Brahmo Samaj and Raja Ram Mohan Roy
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iv. Swami Vivekananda
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v. Theosophical Movement
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vi. Sikh Reform Movements
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vii. Reform Movement Among the Parsis
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viii. Other Reform Movements
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ix. Prominent Reformers of the 19th Century
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x. Caste Movements and Organisation
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xi. Socio-Religious Reform Movements and Organisations
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xii. Muslim Socio-Religious Movements and Organisation
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C.2. Civil Uprisings: Peasant Resistance Against British Rule Before 1857
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i. Introduction
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ii. Civil Uprisings
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iii. Other Civil Uprisings
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iv. Important Peasant Movements
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v. Conclusion
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C.3. Revolt of 1857, Causes, Leaders, Consequences, Reasons of Failure
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i. Revolt of 1857 Causes
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ii. Revolt of 1857 Events
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iii. Revolt of 1857 Leaders
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iv. Reasons of Failure of the Revolt of 1857
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v. Revolt of 1857 Consequences
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D. India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement
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E. Modern Indian History Books and Authors
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E.1. Growth of modern Indian history books
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E.2. Modern Indian History Books and Authors
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E.3. Conclusion
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F. Conclusion
2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
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A. India on the Eve of British Conquest
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A.1. Development of the Mughal Empire
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i. Development of the Mughal Empire
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ii. Later Mughals
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iii. Foreign Invasions
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iv. Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire
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A.2. Rise of Regional Powers
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i. Successor States
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ii. The New States (Insurgent States)
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iii. Independent Kingdoms
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iv. Conclusion
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A.3. Nadir Shah’s Invasion
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i. Nadir Shah
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ii. Nadir Shah’s Invasion
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iii. Damage on Mughal Empire
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A.4. Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasions
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B. Modern History
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B.1. Social and Economic Conditions in 18th Century
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B.2. British Conquest of India
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i. Emergence of Capitalism and Imperialism in Europe
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ii. Advent of Europeans in India
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iii. The Carnatic Wars: Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy
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iv. British Conquest of Bengal – Plassey to Buxar (1757-65)
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v. Anglo-Mysore Wars: British Conquest of Mysore
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vi. Anglo-Maratha Wars: First, Second & Third Anglo Maratha War
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vii. British Conquest of Sindh (1843)
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viii. British Conquest of Punjab (1849)
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ix. Doctrine of Lapse Policy
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B.3. British Expansion beyond Indian Frontiers
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i. Reasons for British Expansion Beyond Indian Frontiers
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ii. Anglo-Nepalese War/Gorkha War (1814-16)
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iii. Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1885)
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iv. Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839-1919)
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v. British Relations with Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet
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C. Indian Renaissance and Reform Movements
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C.1. Social and Religious Reform Movements
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i. Introduction
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ii. Classification of Reform Movements
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iii. Brahmo Samaj and Raja Ram Mohan Roy
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iv. Swami Vivekananda
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v. Theosophical Movement
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vi. Sikh Reform Movements
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vii. Reform Movement Among the Parsis
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viii. Other Reform Movements
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ix. Prominent Reformers of the 19th Century
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x. Caste Movements and Organisation
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xi. Socio-Religious Reform Movements and Organisations
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xii. Muslim Socio-Religious Movements and Organisation
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C.2. Civil Uprisings: Peasant Resistance Against British Rule Before 1857
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i. Introduction
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ii. Civil Uprisings
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iii. Other Civil Uprisings
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iv. Important Peasant Movements
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v. Conclusion
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C.3. Revolt of 1857, Causes, Leaders, Consequences, Reasons of Failure
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i. Revolt of 1857 Causes
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ii. Revolt of 1857 Events
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iii. Revolt of 1857 Leaders
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iv. Reasons of Failure of the Revolt of 1857
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v. Revolt of 1857 Consequences
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D. India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement
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E. Modern Indian History Books and Authors
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E.1. Growth of modern Indian history books
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E.2. Modern Indian History Books and Authors
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E.3. Conclusion
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F. Conclusion
3. The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors/ contributions from different parts of the country.
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Overview
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A. Early Resistance To British Rule (1757-1857)
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B. The First War Of Independence (1857)
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C. Formative Phase (1885-1905)
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D. Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911)
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E. The Gandhian Era (1869-1948): Chronological Overview
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E.1. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948): Chronological Overview
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E.2. Facts About Gandhi
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E.3. 11 Principles Of Mahatma Gandhi – Gandhiji’s Vows
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E.4. Main Events During The Gandhian Era
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F. Subaltern Contributions To The Indian Freedom Struggle
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G. Revolutionary Movements In The Indian Freedom Struggle
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H. The Indian Freedom Struggle: Conclusion
4. Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
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A. Integration Of Princely States Of India, Reasons, Issues
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A.1. Princely States During Independence
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A.2. What Were The Problems Of Integration?
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A.3. Accession Process
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i. Fast-track Integration
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ii. Integration of Major States
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A.4. Post-Integration Issues
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B. Reorganisation Of States: Background, Rationale, Debate
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B.1. Background Of State Reorganisation In India
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B.2. Rationale Behind The Reorganisation Of The Indian States
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B.3. Commissions Related To State Reorganisation
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B.4. New States And Union Territories Created After 1956
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i. Current Statehood Demands
5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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A. Industrial Revolution: Origin, Impact And Timeline
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A.1. Modern Industrialisation
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A.2. First Industrial Revolution: 1765
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A.3. Second Industrial Revolution: 1870
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A.4. Third Industrial Revolution: 1969
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A.5. Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0): Present
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A.6. Industry 4.0 And India
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A.7. Conclusion
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B. World Wars
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B.1. World War – I
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i. Introduction
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ii. Timeline
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iii. WW1: Causes
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iv. World War 1: A Glimpse
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v. WW1: Consequences
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vi. WW1 and India
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B.2. World War – II
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i. Introduction
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ii. WW2: Timeline
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iii. WW2: Causes
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iv. WW2: A Glimpse
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v. WW2: Aftermath
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vi. WW2: Outcomes
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vii. World War 2 and India
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C. Redrawal Of National Boundaries
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C.1. Redrawal Of National Boundaries
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C.2. The Congress Of Vienna (1814-15)
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C.3. Major Events Before The First World War
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C.4. Europe In 1914
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i. How WWI changed the map
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C.5. World War II And Redrawal Of National Boundaries
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C.6. Major Events After WW II
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C.7. The Emergence Of New Nations
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i. Asia
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ii. Middle east
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iii. Israel -Palestine conflict
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iv. Africa
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v. Decolonization of Africa
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C.8. Other Important Events
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D. Colonization
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D.1. Types Of Colonization
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D.2. Reasons For Colonization
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D.3. Merits Of Colonialism
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D.4. Impact Of Colonialism
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D.5. Establishment Of Colonies In Asia
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D.6. Social And Economic Impact Of Colonialism On India
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D.7. Conclusion
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E. Decolonization
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E.1. Introduction
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E.2. Decolonisation: Stages
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E.3. Reasons For Decolonisation
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E.4. Aspects Of Decolonisation In Various Regions Of The World
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E.5. Challenges Associated With Decolonisation
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i. Post-colonial organizations
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F. Political Philosophies Like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism Etc.- Their Forms And Effect On The Society.
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F.1. Political Philosophies: Capitalism
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F.2. Political Philosophies: Socialism
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F.3. Political Philosophies: Communism
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F.4. Conclusion
6. Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
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A. Salient Features Of Indian Society
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A.1. What Is a ‘Society’?
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A.2. What Are The General Traits Of Indian Society?
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A.3. What Are The Salient Features Of Indian Society?
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i. Multi-ethnicity
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ii. Multilingualism
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iii. Multi-religious
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iv. Caste system
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v. Family, Marriage, and Kinship
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vi. Tribalism
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vii. Co-existence of traditionalism and modernity
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viii. Balance between individualism and collectivism
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ix. Balance between spiritualism and materialism
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A.4. What Factors Threaten Peace And Harmony In Indian Society?
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B. Diversity Of India
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B.1. What Is Diversity?
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B.2. What Are The Various Manifestations Of Diversity In India?
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B.3. What Are The Elements Of Unity In India?
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B.4. What Does India Gain Through Its Unity And Diversity?
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B.5. What Are The Factors That Threaten India’s Diversity?
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B.6. What Are The Existing Mechanisms To Promote Unity And Diversity In India?
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B.7. How To Strike A Balance Between Unity And Diversity In India?
7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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A. Role Of Women And Women’s Organizations
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A.1. Role Of Women In India
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i. How has the role and status of women in India evolved over time?
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ii. What is the role of women in Indian society in general?
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iii. What is the role of women in Indian politics?
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iv. What is the role of women in India’s Economic growth story?
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v. What is the role of women in environmental conservation and sustainable development?
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vi. What measures could help enhance the role of women?
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A.2. Women Organizations In India
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i. How did women organizations and feminist movements evolve in India?
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ii. What are some of the important women’s organizations in India?
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iii. What are the challenges faced by women’s organizations in India?
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iv. How can the role of women organizations be enhanced in India?
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B. Population And Associated Issues
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B.1. Recent Context
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B.2. Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Population
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B.3. India’s Demographic Dividend
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B.4. India-Demographic Data
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B.5. Consequences Of Overpopulation
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B.6. Current Context Regarding Overpopulation
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B.7. Planning In India Associated With Population
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B.8. Ethical Consideration For Population Control
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B.9. Steps Being Taken By The Government For Population Control:
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B.10. International Focus On Population
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B.11. Conclusion
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C. Poverty And Developmental Issues
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C.1. What Is Poverty?
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C.2. What Is The Status Of Poverty In India?
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C.3. What Are The Distinct Characteristics Of Poverty In India?
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C.4. What Are The Factors Contributing To Poverty In India?
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C.5. What Are The Developmental Issues Which arise Due To Poverty In India?
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C.6. How Is Poverty In India Related To Its Demography?
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C.7. What Measures Can Help To Alleviate Poverty In India?
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D. Urbanization: Problems And Remedies.
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D.1. What Leads To Urbanization?
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D.2. Urbanization In India
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D.3. Global Scenario
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D.4. Significance Of Urbanization
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D.5. Drawbacks Of Urbanization
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D.6. Government Schemes To Manage Urbanization
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D.7. Way Forward
8. Effects of globalization on Indian society.
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Overview
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A. Globalisation In India Factors And Causes
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B. Globalisation Positive Impact On Indian Society
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C. Globalisation Adverse Effects In India
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D. Globalisation Measures For Indian Society
9. Social empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism.
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Overview
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A. Social Empowerment: From Communalism, Regionalism, To Secularism
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A.1. Social Empowerment
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A.2. Social Empowerment And Communalism
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A.3. Social Empowerment And Regionalism
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A.4. Social Empowerment And Secularism
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A.5. Secularism in India
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A.6. Summary
10. Salient features of the world’s physical geography.
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Overview
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A. Physical Geography
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B. Geomorphology
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B.1. The Earth And Its Evolution
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B.2. Origin Of Earth
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B.3. Evolution Of Earth
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B.4. Interior Of The Earth
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B.5. Structure Of The Earth
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B.6. Distribution Of Oceans And Continents
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B.7. Continental Drift Theory
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B.8. Conventional Current Theory
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B.9. Concept Of Seafloor Spreading
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B.10. Plate Tectonics
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B.11. Minerals And Rocks
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B.12. Rocks
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B.13. Geomorphic Process
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B.14. Endogenic Forces
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B.15. Exogenic Process
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B.16. Landforms
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i. Landforms Made By Running Water
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ii. Landforms Made By Glaciers
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iii. Landforms Made By Groundwater
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iv. Landforms Made By Waves And Currents
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v. Landforms Made By Winds
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C. Climatology
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C.1. Atmosphere
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C.2. Structure Of The Atmosphere
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C.3. Solar Radiation And Heat Budget
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C.4. Temperature
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C.5. Air Masses
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C.6. Fronts
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C.7. Extra-Tropical Cyclones
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C.8. Tropical Cyclones
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C.9. Jet Streams
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D. Water In The Atmosphere
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D.1. Evaporation And Condensation
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D.2. Clouds
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D.3. Precipitation
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D.4. Types Of Rainfall
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D.5. World Climate And Climate Change
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E. Oceanography
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E.1. Hydrological Cycle
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E.2. Relief Of Ocean Floor
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E.3. Divisions Of The Ocean Floors
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E.4. Other Relief
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E.5. The Temperature Of Ocean Waters
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i. Salinity In The Ocean Water
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E.6. Horizontal And Vertical Distribution Of Salinity
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E.7. Movements Of Ocean Water
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E.8. Islands And Coral Reefs
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i. Types of Islands
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ii. Coral reefs
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F. Soil Formation
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G. Salient Features Of The World’s Physical Geography: Examples
10.1. Physical Geography & Their Features
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A. Geography As A Discipline
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B. The Origin & Evolution Of The Earth
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B.1. Early Theories
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B.2. Modern Theories
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C. Interior Of The Earth
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C.1. Sources Of Information About The Interior
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C.2. Structure Of The Earth
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C.3. Volcanoes And Volcanic Landforms
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i. Types of volcanoes
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ii. Volcanic Landforms
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D. Distribution Of Oceans & Continents
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D.1. Continental Drift
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D.2. Concept Of Seafloor Spreading
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D.3. Plate Tectonics
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D.4. Movement Of The Indian Plate
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E. Minerals And Rocks
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E.1. Minerals
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E.2. Rocks
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F. Geomorphic Processes
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F.1. Endogenic Processes
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F.2. Exogenic Processes
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F.3. Weathering
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F.4. Mass Movements
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F.5. Soil Formation
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G. Landforms And Their Evolution
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H. Composition And Structure Of Atmosphere
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H.1. Composition Of Atmosphere
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H.2. Structure Of The Atmosphere
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I. Solar Radiation, Heat Balance And Temperature
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I.1. Solar Radiation
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I.2. Heat Balance
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I.3. Temperature
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J. Atmospheric Circulation And Weather Systems
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K. Water In The Atmosphere
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L. World Climate And Climate Change
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L.1. Koeppe N ’s Scheme Of Classification Of Climate
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M. Water (Oceans)
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M.1. Relief Of The Ocean Floor
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N. Movements Of Ocean Water
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O. Life On The Earth
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P. Biodiversity And Conservation
10.2. Introduction to Maps
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A. Maps
11. Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
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A. Distribution Of Key Natural Resources Across The World (Including South Asia And The Indian Sub-Continent)
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A.1. Natural Resources
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A.2. Distribution Of Key Natural Resources
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i. Minerals and metals
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ii. Energy Resources/Fossil Fuels
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iii. Nuclear Energy Resources
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iv. Renewable Energy Resources
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v. Other Natural Resources
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B. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Primary, Secondary And Tertiary Sector Industries In Various Parts Of The World (Including India)
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B.1. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Industries
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B.2. Primary Sector Industries
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B.3. Secondary Sector Industries
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B.4. Tertiary Sector Industries
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B.5. Geographical Factors
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B.6. Non-Geographical Factors
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B.7. Industrial System
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B.8. Industrialization And Urbanization
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B.9. Agglomeration Economies
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B.10. Factors Responsible For The Location Of Industries In India
11.1. Geography (India, People and Economy)
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A. Population: Distribution, Density, Growth And Composition
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A.1. Population Composition
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B. Migration : Types, Causes And Consequences
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C. Human Development
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D. Human Settlements
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D.1. Functional Classification of Towns
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E. Land Resources And Agriculture
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E.1. Land Use Categories
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E.2. Land-Use Changes In India
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E.3. Agricultural Land Use In India
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E.4. Common Property Resources
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E.5. Cropping Seasons In India
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F. Water Resources
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G. Minerals
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G.1. Mineral And Energy Resources
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H. Manufacturing Industries
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H.1. Types Of Industries
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H.2. Location Of Industries
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H.3. Industrial Regions And Districts
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H.4.Major Industries
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H.5. Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization (LPG) And Industrial Development
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I. Planning And Sustainable Development In Indian Context
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J. Transport And Communication
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K. International Trade
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L. Geographical Perspective On Selected Issues And Problems
12. Important Geophysical phenomena such as Earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, Cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including Waterbodies and Ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
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A. Important Geophysical Phenomena Such As Earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic Activity
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A.1. Earthquakes
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i. Seismic waves come in different types
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A.2. Tsunami
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A.3. Cyclone
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i. The key elements and processes involved in the concept of a cyclone
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ii. Types of Cyclones
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B. Geographical Features And Their Location
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B.1. Mountain Ranges Of The World
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B.2. River Systems
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B.3. Oceans Of The World And Associated Features
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B.4. Plateaus Of The World
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B.5. Major Plains Of The World
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B.6. Major Straits Of The World
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B.7. Other Geographical Features
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B.8. Conclusion
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C. Changes In Critical Geographical Features (Including Waterbodies And Ice-Caps) And In Flora And Fauna And The Effects Of Such Changes.
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C.1. Critical Geographical Features And Changes
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i. Mountains
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ii. Water bodies
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iii. Groundwater
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iv. Ocean
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C.2. Glaciers And Ice-Caps
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C.3. Flora And Fauna
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C.4. Changes In Flora
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i. Grasslands
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ii. Forest
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iii. Mangrove
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C.5. Changes In Fauna
12.1. India: Physical Environment
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A. India– Location
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B. Structure And Physiography
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B.1. Physiography
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C. Drainage System
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C.1. The Himalayan Drainage
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C.2. The Peninsular Drainage System
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D. Climate
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D.1. Factors Determining The Climate Of India
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D.2. The Rhythm Of Seasons
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E. Natural Vegetation
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E.1. Types Of Forests
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E.2. Forest Cover In India
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E.3. Forest Conservation
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E.4. Wildlife Conservation In India
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E.5. Biosphere Reserves
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F. Soils
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G. Natural Hazards And Disasters
-
G.1. Natural Disasters And Hazards In India
-
G.2. Disaster Management
12.2. Human Geography
-
A. Human Geography (Nature And Scope)
-
B. The World Population Distribution, Density And Growth
-
B.1. Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Population
-
B.2. Patterns Of Population Distribution In The World
-
B.3. Density Of Population
-
B.4. Population Growth
-
C. Population Composition
-
D. Human Development
-
E. Primary Activities
-
F. Secondary Activities
-
F.1. Manufacturing
-
F.2. Classification Of Manufacturing Industries
-
G. Tertiary And Quaternary Activities
-
G.1. Tertiary Activities
-
G.2. People Engaged In Tertiary Activities
-
G.3. Quaternary Activities
-
H. International Trade
-
H.1. History Of International Trade
-
H.2. Gateways Of International Trade
-
I. Human Settlements
-
I.1. Types And Patterns Of Settlements
-
i. Rural Settlements
-
ii. Urban Settlements
-
I.2. Classification Of Towns On The Basis Of Forms
GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
-
C.3. High Court
-
iv. Appointment of High Court Judges
8. Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies
-
Overview
-
A. President of India
-
B. Vice President of India
-
C. Prime Minister
-
D. Council of Ministers
-
E. Governor of States
-
F. Chief Justice of India (CJI) and Judges of the Supreme Court
-
G. Election Commission of India
-
H. Union Public Service Commission
-
I. State Public Service Commission
-
I.1. Powers
-
J. Finance Commission
-
K. Goods and Services Tax Council
-
L. Attorney General for India
-
M. Comptroller and Auditor General of India
-
N. National Commission for Scheduled Castes
-
O. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
-
P. National Commission for Backward Classes
-
Q. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
-
R. Advocate General
10. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
-
B. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Recent Years
-
B.2. Major Governmental Interventions in the Social Sector in Recent Years
12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
-
A.2. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections
-
i. Children
-
ii. Persons with Disabilities
-
iii. Senior citizens
-
iv. Women
-
v. Transgenders
-
vi. Poor
-
vii. Street vendors
-
viii. Homeless
-
ix. Others
13. Issues relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
-
i. ASER Report
-
ii. The Subramanian Panel report
-
B.3. Government Initiatives to Boost the Education Sector in India
14. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
-
A.2. Status of poverty in India
16. Role of Civil Services in a Democracy
-
K. Recent Reforms
19. Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s Interests, Indian Diaspora.
-
A.1. The Current Situation in the International Arena
-
A.2. Effect of Policies and Politics of the World on India
-
A.3. China and India’s Development Strategies
-
A.5. India’s Foreign Policy towards China and Pakistan
GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
-
A. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning
-
A.1. Definition of the term Economy
-
A.2. Indian Economy in different phases
-
A.3. Economic Planning
-
A.4. Objectives of Economic Planning
-
A.5. Issues Related to Economic Planning
-
B. Indian Economy issues relating to mobilization of resources
-
B.1. Mobilization of Resources
-
B.2. Types of Resources of India
-
B.3. Mobilization of Natural Resources
-
B.4. Mobilization of Human Resources
-
B.5. Mobilization of Financial Resources
-
B.6. State Finance Concerns
-
B.7. Important Issues with mobilization of resources in the Indian Economy
-
C. Indian Economy and issues relating to Growth
-
D. Indian Economy and issues relating to development
-
E. Indian Economy and Issues Relating to Employment
-
F. Conclusion
2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
-
A.3. Challenges
-
A.6. Concept of Green Growth
3. Government Budgeting.
-
C. Union Budget of India
-
D. Key Facts about the Union Budget of India
-
G.1. Revenue Budget
-
i. Revenue Receipts
-
ii. Revenue Expenditure
-
G.2. Capital Budget
4. Major crops – cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems – storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
-
D.2. Government Initiatives to aid farmers
-
i. Other State level Initiatives
5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
-
A.7. Issues related to farm subsidies in general
-
E.2. What are the different components of economics of animal rearing in India?
-
E.3. What is the significance of animal rearing in India?
6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
-
A.9. Government Initiatives
-
A.10. Major Schemes by the Government
-
A.12. The Present Status and Future of Food Processing Industries in India
9. Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
-
A. Infrastructure
-
A.1. Types of Infrastructure
-
A.2. Significance of Infrastructure
-
B. Infrastructure Energy
-
B.1. Recent Initiatives
11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
-
D. Developments in Science and Technology in Modern India
12. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
-
A. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
-
A.1. The decade of the 1950s
-
A.2. The decade of 1960s
-
A.3. Decade of 1970s
-
A.4. Decade of 1980s
-
A.5. Decade of 1990s
-
A.6. Decade of 2000s
-
A.7. Decade of the 2010s
-
A.8. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology: Conclusion
13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
-
ii. Few Space missions by foreign agencies
-
ii. Recent Developments
14. Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
-
A.2. Wildlife Conservation Projects
-
C.6. Current EIA Reports – India
-
i. Environmental Impact Assessment In India
-
ii. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006
-
iii. Some of the major changes over the years are
16. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
-
A.7. Government initiatives for regions affected by extremism
19. Security challenges and their management in border areas; -linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
-
ii. Schemes launched for improved border management
GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
-
C.8. State Of The World’s Forests (SOFO)
-
C.2. Forest Ecosystem
-
M. Protected Area Network
-
M.1. Introduction
-
M.2. Wildlife Protection Act 1972
-
M.3. WildLife Sanctuary (WLS)
-
M.4. Conservation Reserve and Community Reserves
-
M.5. Other Protected Areas
-
M.6. The Man and Biosphere
-
M.7. Biodiversity Spots
-
M.8. Marine MegaFauna Stranding Guidelines
-
N. Conservation Efforts
-
N.1. Project Tiger
-
N.2. Tiger Reserve
-
N.3. Innovations In the 2010 National Tiger assessment
-
N.4. Project Lion
-
N.5. Project Elephant
-
N.6. Monitoring Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) Programme
-
N.7. Project Vulture
-
N.8. Project One Horn Rhino
-
N.9. Project Snow Leopard
-
N.10. Secure Himalaya
-
N.11. Sea Turtle Project
-
N.12. Indian Crocodile Conservation Project
-
N.13. Project Hangul
-
N.14. Dolphins
-
N.15. Government Measures to prevent Wildlife entry into Human Habitats
-
N.16. National Wildlife Action Plan
-
N.17. DNA Barcoding
-
N.18. Conservation Classification of Species
-
R.5. Rise in Sea Levels
-
T. Climate Change Organizations
-
T.1. UNFCCC
-
T.2. Kyoto Protocol (KP): COP-3
-
T.3. Climate-Smart Agriculture
-
T.4. Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (Pcc)
-
T.5. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (NGGIP)
-
T.6. Green Economy
-
T.7. Bali Meet
-
T.8. Cop 15 Copenhagen Summit
-
T.9. COP 16 Cancun Summit
-
T.10. Cop 17 Durban Summit
-
T.11. Doha Outcomes Cop 18 2012
-
T.12. Warsaw Outcomes Cop 19 2013
-
T.13. Lima Outcomes Cop 20 2014
-
T.14. Paris Climate Change Conference Cop 21 2015
-
T.15. Marrakech Climate Change Conference – Cop 22 2016
-
T.16. Bonn Climate Change Conference – Cop 23, 2017
-
T.17. COP 24, 2018
-
T.18. Glasgow COP 26 Outcomes
-
T.19. Sharm El-Sheikh COP 27 Outcomes
-
T.20. Other Mechanisms of UNFCCC
-
T.21. REDD & REDD+
-
T.22. The GEF
-
T.23. Global Climate Finance Architecture
-
V. Act and Policies
-
V.1. Wildlife Protection Act 1972
-
V.2. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
-
V.3. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
-
V.4. The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006
-
V.5. Green Highways Policy, 2015
-
V.6. Chemical Safety
-
V.7. Coastal Regulation Zone, 2011
-
V.8. Island Protection Zone Notification, 2011
-
V.9. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
-
V.10. Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Its Salient Features
-
V.11. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016
-
V.12. Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016
-
V.13. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
-
V.14. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
-
V.15. Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017
-
Y. International Environmental Convention
-
Y.1. Major Environmental International Conventions
-
Y.2. United Nations Conference on Environment And Development (UNCED)
-
Y.3. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
-
Y.4. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
-
Y.5. COP 11 Hyderabad
-
Y.6. Ramsar Convention On Wetlands
-
Y.7. CITES
-
Y.8 Other Major Environmental Conventions
-
i. Indian Forest Types
GS4
All topics that need updates are given below.
8. Ethics Case Studies
-
Case Study – 1: Call of Duty
-
Case Study – 2: Public duty
-
Case Study – 3: Corruption nexus
-
Case Study – 4: Rule of Law
-
Case Study – 5: Mob Lynching
-
Case Study – 6: Environmental and Human Rights
-
Case Study – 7 Ethical values
-
Case Study – 8: National Security
-
Case Study – 9: Privatization of public services
-
Case Study – 10: Public Safety
-
Case Study – 11: Emotional Intelligence
-
Case Study – 12: Development
-
Case Study – 13 : Fair Elections
-
Case Study – 14 : Resident Welfare Association (RWA)
-
Case Study – 15 : Sexual Harassment
-
Case Study – 16 : HIV
-
Case Study – 17 : Experimental Drugs
-
Case Study – 18: Refugee Settlement
-
Case Study – 19 : Right to be Forgotten
-
Case Study – 20: Environmental Impact Assessment
-
Case Study – 21: Duty
-
Case Study – 22 : Pilgrimage Centre
-
Case Study – 23: Encounter Killings
-
Case Study – 24 : HIV Positive Employee
GS3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
All topics given below
-
Introduction
1. Motion & Measurements
-
i. Motion and Measurement of Time: Method, Types & Evolution
-
ii. Motion & Measurement of Length: Physics, Method, Standard Unit & Diversity
-
iii. Motion Dynamics: Types, Measurement Method & Spectrum of Movement
-
iv. Graphical Representation of Motion: Distance-Time & Velocity-Time Graphs
-
v. Equations of Motion & Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
-
v.1. Equations of Motion: Understanding the Dynamics of Velocity, Acceleration, and Distance in Linear Motion
-
v.2. Understanding the Dynamics of Circular Motion: From Acceleration to Equations of Motion (Uniform Circular)
-
vi. Force and Laws of Motion: Balanced & Unbalanced Forces, Inertia of Mass
-
vii. Laws of Motion: Newton’s Law & Mathematical Explanation
-
vii.1. Impact of Unbalanced Forces in the Second Law of Motion
-
vii.2. The Mathematical Correlation: Exploring the Second Laws of Motion and Its Real-life Dynamics
-
vii.3. Balancing Forces: Exploring the Dynamics of Newton’s Third Laws of Motion
-
viii. Gravitation: Newton’s Laws & Universal Movement of Celestial Bodies
-
viii.1. Newton’s Laws and Celestial Forces
-
viii.2. Unlocking the Mysteries of Gravitation: The Universal Law Revealed
-
ix. Universal Law of Gravitation: Significance, Value, & Celestial Forces
-
ix.1. Newton’s Universal Law and Its Cosmic Significance
-
x. Mass and Weight: Fundamental Concepts in Physics
-
x.1. Dynamics of Mass and Weight in Physics
-
xi. Work and Energy: Mechanical Dynamics in Physics
-
xi.1. Fundamental Concepts of Work and Energy
-
xii. Forms of Energy & Work: Conservation, Transformation and Dynamics
-
xii.1. Understanding Transformations and Forms of Energy
-
xii.2. Energy: From the Sun to Scientific Definitions and Measurements
-
xii.3. How do objects shape and transform the various Forms of Energy, including Kinetic and Potential Energies?
-
xiii. The Law of Conservation of Energy: Definition, Types of Energy & Measurement
-
xiii.1. Unchanging Force: The Law of Conservation of Energy
-
xiv. Force and Pressure: Effects on Motion and Shape
-
xiv.1. Force and Pressure: Impact on Motion and Structures
-
xiv.2. Contact Forces: Friction, Motion, Force and Pressure interaction
-
xiv.3. Non-contact Forces: Magnet Experiments and Electrostatic Influences
-
xv. Fluid Dynamics: Thrust, Pressure, Buoyancy, and Atmospheric Forces in Action
-
xv.1. Fluid Dynamics in Action: Exploring Thrust, Pressure, and Real-Life applications
-
xv.2. How is Pressure exerted by Liquids and Gases in Fluid Dynamics?
-
xv.3. Atmospheric Pressure: A Fluid Dynamics Perspective
-
xv.4. Buoyancy in Fluid Dynamics: Forces Behind Floating Objects
-
xv.5. Why do objects Float or Sink in Fluid Dynamics?
-
xv.6. Conclusion
-
xvi. Archimedes’ Principle: Forces of Fluids and Buoyancy
-
xvi.1. Archimedes’ Principle in Fluid Mechanics
-
xvii. Power of Frictional Force: Dynamics, Factors, and Impact in Our World
-
xvii.1. Frictional Force: Shaping Efficiency, Motion, and Stability in Everyday Life
-
xviii. Friction: Dual Forces shaping everyday Life, Efficiency and Design
-
xviii.1. Dual Nature of Friction in Daily Life
-
xviii.2. Conclusion
-
xix. The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
2. Light
-
i. Light: Laws of Reflection, Types, and Optical Law
-
ii. Reflection of Light: Understanding Spherical Mirrors and Their Optical Secrets
-
iii. Reflections: Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors through Ray Diagrams
-
iii.1. How is the formation of images by Spherical Mirrors illustrated through Ray Diagrams?
-
iii.2. Mirror Magic: Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
-
iv. Spherical Lens Dynamics: Refraction, Focus, and Optical Design
-
iv.1. How does the Spherical Lens Shape Impact Light Refraction?
-
iv.2. Spherical Lens Image Formation: Illuminating Perspectives through Ray Diagrams
-
v. Refraction Of Light: Medium, Density, Speed, & Law
-
v.1. Introduction: Bending the Light: the Magic of Refraction of Light in Different Mediums
-
v.2. Conclusion
-
vi. Natural Light Phenomena: Refraction, Rainbows, & Atmospheric Refraction
-
vi.1 Prism Play: Light Phenomena through Refraction Magic
-
vi.2. Conclusion
-
vii. Human Eye: Definition, Structure, Function & Parts
-
vii.1. Introduction to The Human Eye as Your Window to the Colorful World
-
vii.2. Conclusion
-
viii. Human Eyes: Defects of Vision – Correction & Challenge
-
viii.1. An Introduction to Refractive Defects of vision and the Gradual Loss of Eye Accommodation
-
viii.2. Conclusion
3. Electricity
-
i. Electricity: Basics of Electrical Components
-
i.1. Introduction to Basics of Electrical Components
-
i.2. Conclusion
-
ii. Electric Current: The Fundamentals, Circuits, Potentials
-
ii.1. Electric Current: A Fundamental Force in Modern Technology
-
ii.2. Conclusion
-
iii. Ohm’s Law: Basics of Electricity and Circuits
-
iii.1. Introduction to Ohm’s Law
-
iii.2. Conclusion
-
iv. System of Resistors: Ohm’s Law, Resistance, Electric Power
-
iv.1. Electrical Circuits: System of Resistors in Series and Parallel Configurations
-
iv.2. Conclusion
-
v. Electric Current: Conductivity, Effects, & Applications
-
vi. Heating Effect of Electric Current: Applications and Safety Measures
-
vi.1. Heating Effect of Electric Current: Essential for Safe Energy Use
-
vii. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current: Powering Wires, Electromagnets, and Electric Bells
-
vii.1. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current: Oersted’s Magnetic Revelation
-
vii.2. Conclusion
-
viii. Piezoelectric Effect
4. Magnetism
-
i. Magnetism: Definition, Properties, Pattern & Application of Bar Magnet
-
i.1. Magnetism: Bar Magnet and Modern Applications
-
ii. Magnetic Fields Lines: Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
-
ii.1. Electricity and Magnetism: Magnetic Field Lines
-
ii.2. Understanding Magnetic Effects of Electric Current: Currents, Wires, and Magnetic Field Lines Insights
-
ii.3. Conclusion
-
iii. South Atlantic Anomaly
-
iv. Geomagnetism
5. Sound
-
i. Sound Waves: Vibrations, Production & Wave Mechanics
-
i.1. Sound Waves: Vibrations, Energy, and the Art of Hearing
-
ii. Speed of Sound: Pitch, Amplitude, & Wavelength
-
ii.1. Speed of Sound: Pitch, Amplitude, and characteristics of sound waves
-
ii.2. Description of Sound Waves: Frequency, Amplitude, and Speed Essentials
-
ii.3. Various Elements associated with Sound: Wavelength, Frequency, and Sonic Phenomena
-
iii. Reflection of Sound: Echoes, Loudness, and Reverberation
-
iv. Ultrasonic Waves: Cleaning, Imaging, and Sonar Applications
-
v. Noise Pollution: Protecting Health and Harmony through Pollution Control
6. Matter
-
i. Three States of Matter: Solid, Liquid & Gas State
-
i.1. States of Matter in Our Tiny Particle Universe
-
i.2. States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous States
-
i.3. Heat and Change: States of Matter Through Temperature
-
i.4. Effect of Change of Pressure: Transforming Gases in States of Matter
-
i.5. Conclusion
-
ii. Mixtures: Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
-
iii. States of Transformation: Nature of Physical and Chemical Changes
-
iii.1. Dynamic Transformation: Chemistry of Physical and Chemical Changes:
-
iii.2. Purity: Fixed Structure and types of Pure Substances
-
iii.3. Are Compounds Formed through Elemental Transformation?
-
iv. Methods of Separation: Extracting Purity and Isolating Substances in Various Techniques
-
iv.1. Methods of Separation of substance in Mixtures for Purification
-
iv.2. What Methods of Separation are employed for effective substance Extraction in Mixtures?
-
iv.3. What are the Methods of Separation involving Sedimentation, Decantation, and Filtration in Mixture Purification?
-
iv.4. Conclusion
7. Atoms & Molecules
-
i. Chemistry Basics – Atoms, Molecules, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
-
ii. Atoms and Molecules: Ancient Philosophy to Modern Atomic Theory
-
ii.1. Atoms and Molecules: Historical journey through Ancient insights to Atomic Theories
-
ii.2. Can Atoms and Molecules explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions in Chemical Combinations?
-
ii.3. Dalton’s Atomic Theory and the Intricate Patterns of Atoms and Molecules
-
ii.4. How did the discovery of charged particles reshape our understanding of atoms and molecules in the 19th century?
-
iii. Nuclear Chemistry Basics
-
iv. Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons and Electron Orbits
-
iv.1. Basic Elements of Atomic Structure in the Structure of Matter
-
iv.2. Thomson Pudding Model and the Foundations of Atomic Structure
-
iv.3. Rutherford’s Model of an Atom: Nucleus and Electron Paths in Atomic Structure
-
iv.4. How did Bohr reshape Atomic Structure with Discrete Electron Orbits and Energy Levels?
-
iv.5. J. Chadwick Neutron: Bridging the Mass Balance in Atomic Structure
-
v. Electron Orbits: Distribution Patterns and Valency in Atomic Structures
-
vi. Chemical Elements: Symbols, Numbers, and Atomic Mass
-
vi.1. Chemical Elements through Unique Symbols
-
vii. Building Blocks of Matter: Molecules, Ions, and Elemental Unity
-
viii. Chemistry Fundamentals: Molecular Mass and the Mole Concept
-
ix. Atomic Theory: Structure of an Atom
8. Chemical Reactions & Equations
-
i. Chemical Dynamics: Acids, Bases, and Indicators in Everyday Life
-
i.1. Chemical Dynamics: Reactions in our daily substances
-
i.2. How do Natural Indicators such as Litmus, Turmeric and China Rose reflect Chemical Dynamics in Acid-Base Reactions?
-
ii. Acid and Base: Definitions, Strength, Properties, & pH Scale
-
ii.1. Acid and Base Strength: pH Scale Overview
-
ii.2. Acid and Base Dynamics: Life and Environment
-
ii.3. Neutralisation: Balancing Act of Acid and Base
-
ii.4. Neutralisation in Practical Situations: Acid and Base Harmony
-
iii. Physical and Chemical Changes: Matter’s Form, Composition,
-
iv. Chemical Reactions: Representation, Type of Equations & Formation
-
iv.1. Chemical Reactions Essentials
-
v. Chemical Reactions: Types, Process and Transformations
-
v.1. Chemical Reactions: Transforming Atoms through Bond Changes
-
vi. Acids and Bases: Chemical Properties, Reactions, and Common Features
-
vi.1. Acids and Base: Fundamentals and Properties
-
vi.2. Acids and Base: Common Characteristics
-
vii. Acid, Bases and Salts: Exploring the Roles, Reactions, and Applications in Daily Life
-
vii.1. The Essential Roles of Salts in Science and Daily Life
-
vii.2. Conclusion
-
viii. Chemicals in Everyday Life
9. Metals & Non-Metals
-
i. Metals and Non-metals: Revealing the Properties, Classification, and Applications
-
ii. Properties of Metals & Conductivity: Physical and Chemical Characteristics
-
ii.1. Exploring the Remarkable Properties of Metals: Conductivity, Malleability, and More
-
ii.2. The Physical Marvels of Metals: Strength, State, and Shining Characteristics
-
ii.3. Chemical Properties of Metals
-
ii.4. Properties of Ionic Compounds
-
iii. Metallurgic Extraction: Scientific Insights into the Extraction of Metals
-
iii.1. Understanding the Geological Wealth: An Exploration into the Occurrence of Metals in Nature and the Significance of Ores
-
iii.2. Advanced Strategies for Corrosion Prevention in Metals: From Coatings to Sacrificial Protection
-
iii.3. Exploring the Unique Physical Properties of Nonmetals: An In-Depth Analysis
-
iv. Carbon and Its Compounds A Comprehensive Exploration of Its Properties
-
iv.1. Carbon: An Elemental Nexus in the Fabric of Life and Materials
-
iv.2. Allotropes of Carbon: Exploring Diamond, Graphite, and Fullerene Structures
-
iv.3. Versatile Nature of Carbonand its compounds: The Tetravalency and Catenation of Carbon
-
iv.4. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon and its Compounds: Exploring the Structure and Diversity
-
iv.5. Functional Diversity in Carbon and its Compounds: Exploring Hydroxyl, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxyl, and Halogen Groups
-
v. Ethanol: Carbon compound, Chemistry, Reactions, and Practical Applications
-
v.1. Standardizing Carbon Compound Nomenclature: IUPAC Rules for Global Uniformity
-
v.2. Exploring Homologous Series: Patterns and Variations in Organic Compounds
-
v.3. The Chemical Dynamics: Exploring Combustion, Oxidation, and Reactions in Carbon Compounds
-
v.4. Exploring the Properties and Reactions of Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid: From Solvents to Chemical Transformations
-
v.5. Conclusion
-
vi. Carbon and its Allotropes
10. Energy
-
i. Introduction to Energy
-
ii. Temperature Measurement: Method, Variation, Laboratory & Clinical Thermometers
-
ii.1. Temperature Measurement in Daily Life and Technological Advancements
-
iii. Solar Radiation: Heat Balance, Temperature Dynamics & Energy Exchange
-
iii.1. Solar Radiation: Earth’s Energy Exchange
-
iii.2. Heating and Cooling of Atmosphere: Solar Radiation Dynamics
-
iv. Crucial Natural Resources: Production and Challenge of Coal & Petroleum
-
iv.1. Nurturing Essentials: The Vital Role of Natural Resources in Our Lives
-
iv.2. Petroleum and Natural Gas: the ‘Black Gold’ Beneath Earth’s Surface and Its Role as Essential Natural Resources
-
iv.3. Exploring the Versatile Constituents of Petroleum and Natural Gas for Diverse Applications
-
iv.4. Limited Natural Resources: Exploring the Challenges of through Conservation and Sustainable Practices
-
v. Combustion and Flame: Chemistry, Conditions, and Characteristics of Fire Reactions
-
v.1. A Journey into the Chemistry, Heat, and Illumination of Fire
-
v.2. What is Combustion: Ignition, Fuel, and the Essential Conditions for Flames
-
v.3. Diverse Facets of Combustion: Rapid, Spontaneous, and Explosive Phenomena exposed
-
vi. Fire Control: Strategies, Tools, and Environmental Impact
-
vi.1. Prioritizing Prevention: A Comprehensive Approach to Fire Safety Management
-
vi.2. Understanding Fuels: Characteristics, Types, and Criteria for Efficient Combustion
-
vi.3. Conclusion
-
vii. Fossils as Energy Stores
-
vii.1. Coalification
-
vii.2. Challenges Related To Burning Of Coal
-
vii.3. Ways To Clean Coal
-
vii.4. Coal Conversions
-
viii. Coal burning and CCUS
-
viii.1. Coal Burning And CCUS: Combination To Combat Climate Change
-
ix. Energy In Transportation
-
ix.1. Components Of Crude Oil
-
x. India’s Strategy Of Emission Control
-
xi. Alternative Fuels In Transportation
-
xii. Hydrogen
-
xiii. Fuel Cells: Best Way To Use Energy From Hydrogen
-
xiv. Lithium-Ion Battery
-
xv. Biofuels
-
xv.1. Nature of Biofuels
-
xv.2. Classification of Biofuels
-
xv.3. How are they made?
-
xv.4. Biodiesel: From Transesterification
-
xv.5. Biofuels: Generations
-
xv.6. Liquid Tree: Liquid 3.0
-
xv.7. Gasifying Biofuels: Biomethanation and CBG
-
xvi. Nuclear Energy
-
xvi.1. Nuclear Energy
-
xvi.2. Components of a nuclear power plant
-
xvi.3. Conclusion
-
xvii. Wind Energy: Potential Of India
-
xviii. Solar Energy: Potential of India
-
xix. Solar PV Cells
-
xx. Energy Storage
11. Cells & Tissues
-
i. Cell Wall – Definition, Cell Wall Function, Cell Wall Layers
-
i.1. Cell Wall: Essential Structure for Efficient Cell Functions
-
i.2. Differences in Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells
-
ii. Cell Organelles: Structures, Functions & Role
-
ii.1. Structural Organization and Functional Symphony of Cell Organelles
-
ii.2. Cell Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum’s Role in Cell Structure and Functions
-
ii.3. Cell Organelles at Work: Guiding the Division for Growth and Reproduction
-
ii.4. Conclusion
-
iii. Building Blocks of Life: Different Types of Tissues in Plants and Animals
-
Iii.1. Exploring the Vital Roles of Different Types of Tissue in Living Organisms
-
iii.2. Plant- From one of the major types of Tissue
-
iii.3. Animal- From one of the major types of Tissue
-
iii.4. Conclusion
12. Plant Organisms
-
i. Plant Organisms: Diversity, Structure, and Conservation
-
i.1. Introduction to Plant Organisms: Nourishment, Reproduction, and Conservation Challenge
-
i.2. Exploring Plant Organisms: Categorizing the Diversity of Flora
-
i.3. Exploring the Details of Plant Organisms: Parts, Structure, Function, and Reproduction
-
i.4. Conclusion
-
ii. Plant Habitats and Adaptations: Component, Growth & Response
-
ii.1. Plant Habitats & Adaptations
-
ii.2. Exploring Plant Habitats: Understanding Diverse Environments from Terrestrial to Aquatic
-
ii.3. Life Processes in Plant Habitats: Nourishment, Growth, and Responses in the Botanical World
-
ii.4. Conclusion
-
iii. Modes of Nutrition in Plants: From Photosynthesis to Symbiosis, Nutrient Replenishment
-
iii.1. Nutrition in Plant – Diverse Modes and Adaptive Strategies
-
iii.2. Nutrition in Plants: Providing Vital Nutrients for Life
-
iii.3. The Magic of Photosynthesis: A Journey into Plant Nutrition in plant and Energy Production
-
iii.4. Other modes of Nutrition in plant (by Heterotrophs)
-
iii.5. Conclusion
-
iv. Plant Reproduction: Function, Process & Variation
-
iv.1. Plant Reproduction- fascinating process, diverse strategies & complexity asexual & sexual
-
iv.2. Understanding the Process of Plant reproduction: Meaning & Inheritance of Genes
-
iv.3. Diverse Modes of Plant Reproduction through Vegetative Parts and Blooming Flowers
-
iv.4. Asexual Reproduction
-
iv.5. Conclusion
-
v. Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Pollination, Fertilization, & Germination
-
v.1. Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Nurturing Genetic Diversity for Species Continuation and Evolution
-
v.2. Conclusion
-
vi. Conservation of Plants and Ecosystems: Method, Consequence & Initiative
-
vi.1. Conservation of Plants and Safeguarding Earth’s Green Diversity
-
vi.2. Conservation of plants : Understanding the Impact of Deforestation on Plants and Ecosystems
-
vi.3. Understanding Reforestation and the Crucial Role of Conservation of Plants
-
vi.4. Government Initiatives and Protected Areas in the Conservation of Plants , Forests, and Wildlife
-
vi.5. Brief About Protected Areas
-
vi.6. Conclusion
-
vii. Cellulose
13. Animal Organisms
-
i. Animal Organisms: Adaptations, Habitats, Diversity in the Animal Kingdom
-
i.1. Introduction to Animal Organisms: Complexity of Interconnected Systems
-
i.2. Conclusion
-
ii. Microscopic Life: Diversity, Reproduction, Significance of Microorganisms
-
ii.1. Protozoa in Ecosystems
-
ii.2. Conclusion
-
iii. Microorganism Reproduction: Method, Mode, Diversity & Achievements
-
iii.1. Diverse Modes of Microorganism Reproduction
-
iii.2. What are the various Asexual Reproduction techniques used by microorganisms?
-
iv. Microorganisms: Dual Role in Food, Medicine, Environment and Health
-
iv.1. Microorganisms – Balancing acts in Food, Environment and Medicine
14. Life Processes
-
i. Body’s Mechanics: Types of Joints & Role in Human Movement
-
i.1. The Articulation of Motion in the Human Body
-
i.2. Types of Joints: A Comprehensive Exploration of Ball and Socket, Pivotal, Hinge, and Fixed Joints in the Human Body
-
i.3. Skeleton as a Framework
-
i.4. Animal Locomotion: Diverse Gaits and Adaptive Movements in Earthworms, Snails, Cockroaches
-
ii. Nutrition Strategies: Autotrophic, Human Digestion & Respiratory Systems
-
ii.1. Approaches to Satisfying the Universal Need for Energy in Organisms
-
ii.2. Autotrophic Nutrition Through the Lens of Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Storage
-
ii.3. From Single Cells to Specialized Organs, Exploring the Evolution of Nutritional Processes in Organisms
-
ii.4. Nutrition in Human Beings
-
iii. Blood Circulation in Human Body: Organ, Function & Cardiac Diversity
-
iii.1. Vital Dynamics: Blood Circulation in Human Body and Plant Vascular Systems
-
iv. Humans and Plants Excretion: Process, Role of Kidney & Waste Management
-
iv.1. Excretion and the Excretory System
-
v. Nervous System: Definition, Structure, Control & Coordination
-
vi. Coordination in Plants: Movements and Chemical Communication
-
vii. Role of Animal Hormones: Physiology, Growth and Survival
-
viii. Adolescence and Puberty: Transformative journey from Childhood to Adulthood
-
viii.1. Adolescence and Puberty: Growth, Development and Lifelong Influence
-
ix. Human Sexual Reproduction: Maturation, Menstruation & Capability
-
x. Reproductive Health: Nutrition, Hygiene, Safe Practices
-
xi. Genetic Inheritance: Evolution, Traits & Role of Reproduction
-
xi.1. Understanding How We’re Alike and Different in the Process of Reproduction
-
xi.2. Family Traits: How We Get Both Similar and Different from Our Parents
-
xi.3. Genes at Work: How We Get Traits from Mom and Dad, Explained with Pea Plants!
-
xii. DNA as Code of Life
-
xiii. RNA and Central Dogma
-
xiv. Epigenetics
-
xv. DNA as Vehicle of Heredity
-
xvi. Stem Cells: Therapy, Banking, and Regulations
-
xvii. Speciation: An important evolutionary process
-
xviii. Endocrine Glands and Hormones
-
xviii.1. Endocrine Glands and Hormones in Human Body
-
xviii.2. Conclusion
-
xix. Cell and Cell Organelles
-
xix.1. What is a Cell?
-
xix.2. Types of Cell
-
xix.3. Difference Between Eukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic cell
-
xix.4. Cell Organelles
-
xix.5. Plant Cells and Animal Cell
-
xix.6. Difference between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
-
xix.7. Conclusion
15. Food & Crops
-
i. Nutrients in Food: Types, Diversity, Role in Health & Well-being
-
i.1. Harvesting Sustenance: The Vital Role of Crops in Global Food Security
-
i.2. Important Functions and Sources of Vitamins and Minerals
-
i.3. Exploring Deficiency Diseases and the Role of Fortification in Nutritional Wellness
-
ii. Crops: Production, Practices and Management
-
ii.1. Advancing Agriculture: Enhancing Crops and Productivity
-
ii.2. Manure vs. Fertilizers in Nutrition of Crops
-
iii. Irrigation: Importance, Types, Strategies in Cropping Patterns for Optimal Yield
-
iv. Animal Husbandry: Overview, Farming Practices, & Benefits
-
v. Food Irradiation
16. Natural Phenomenon
-
i. Lightning: Definition, Formation & Safety Guidelines
-
i.1. Lightning: Nature’s Electric Display and Safety Measures
-
ii. Earthquakes: Forces, Causes, and Protective Measures
-
ii.1. Earthquakes: Nature’s Powerful Forces
-
ii.2. Earthquakes: Seismic or Fault Zones
-
ii.3. Measurement of Earthquake: Insights into Seismographs and the Richter Scale
-
ii.4. Protection Against Earthquake: Essential Measures for Seismic Safety
-
iii. Natural Gas Hydrates: Ocean Exploration
17. Our Environment
-
i. Earth’s Environment: From Atmosphere Composition to Ecosystem Dynamics
-
i.1. Environment: Air, Water, and Land Systems
-
i.2. Environment: Definitions, Ecosystem Dynamics and Historical Significance: l
-
i.3. How does the intricate web of food chains influence the dynamics of the environment?
-
ii. Forest: Balancing Biodiversity, Water and Soil health
-
iii. Five Kingdom Classification of Animals and Plants
-
iv. Wastewater Treatment: Safeguarding Water Resources and Public Well-being
-
v. Cloud Seeding
18. Biotechnology
-
i. Biotechnology Applications: Transforming Industries, Agriculture, and Healthcare
-
ii. Biotechnology: Genetic Engineering and Antibiotic Resistance Genes
-
ii.1. Biotechnology and Therapeutic protein production
-
ii.2. How do Genetic Engineering and bioprocess engineering shape Modern Biotechnology?
-
iii. Genetic Engineering: Definition, Process, Tools & Mechanism
-
iv. Recombinant DNA: Definition, Application, Tools & Process
-
iv.1. Recombinant DNA technology: Definition
-
iv.2. Power and Potential of Recombinant DNA Technology
-
v. Genetically Modified Crops and Regulations in India
-
v.1. Genetically Modified Crops
-
v.2. Concerns regarding Genetically Modified Crops
-
v.3. GM Crops in India
-
vi. Gene Editing – What is CRISPR-Cas9?
-
vii. Genome Sequencing
-
viii. Genome India Project (GIP)
-
viii.1. What is Genome India Project?
-
viii.2. Conclusion
-
ix. Genetic Privacy
-
x. Genetic Disorders
-
xi. Tissue Engineering/ Regenerative Medicine/ Organ transplantation
-
xii. DNA Cloning
-
xiii. DNA Fingerprinting
-
xiv. Mitochondrial Donation Treatment
-
xv. Biofortification
-
xvi. Microbes in human welfare
-
xvi.1. Microbes in human welfare
-
xvi.2. Conclusion
-
xvii. Microbiome
-
xviii. Virus – Definition, Structure, and Types
-
xviii.1. Virus: Details, History and Classification
-
xviii.2. Types of Viruses
-
xix. Clinical Trials in India
-
xx. Diseases
-
xx.1. Autoimmune Diseases
-
xx.2. Multiple Sclerosis
-
xx.3. H3N2 Influenza Virus
-
xx.4. Cancer: Statistics, Causes and Types
-
xx.5. Dengue: Causes and Prevention
-
xx.6. Diseases caused by microorganisms
-
i. What are microbes/microorganisms?
-
ii. Diseases Caused By Microorganisms
-
iii. Details of Diseases Caused By Microorganisms
-
iv. Prevention Of Diseases Caused By Microorganisms
-
v. Vaccines for Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
-
vi. Conclusion
-
xx.7. Coronavirus (COVID-19): Outbreak, Impact, and Prevention
-
i. What is Coronavirus?
-
ii. Global Impact of Novel Coronavirus COVID-19
-
iii. Public Policy for Handling Pandemics
-
iv. The Novel Coronavirus Pandemic: Latest statistics
-
v. Conclusion
-
xx.8. Covid Tests: Different Types of Coronavirus Testing
-
xx.9. Typbar Typhoid Vaccine
-
xx.10. Kyasanur Forest Disease
-
xx.11. Ebola Virus Disease – A Challenge to India
-
xx.12. Trans Fat: Why is it harmful?
-
xx.13. Fungal Diseases
-
xx.14. Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
-
xx.15. Rabies: Causes, Prevention and Control
-
xx.16. Tuberculosis: Causes, Prevention and Initiatives
-
xx.17. Tomato Flu/Fever
-
xx.18. Monkeypox
-
xx.19. Malaria: Causes and Prevention
-
xx.20. HIV AIDS: A Medical and Social Issue
-
xx.21. Neglected Tropical Diseases
-
xxi. Immunity: Understand Human Immune System
-
xxii. Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) and the Red Line Campaign
-
xxii.1. What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?
-
xxii.2. Conclusion
-
xxiii. Universal Immunisation Program in India
-
xxiv. Vaccine: Definition, Types and Economic aspect
-
xxv. Nasal Vaccine for Covid
-
xxvi. Commercial Cord Blood Banking
-
xxvii. CAR T-cell therapy
-
xxviii. Cultured Meat
-
xxix. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
-
xxx. Synthetic Biology: All you need to know
-
xxxi. Chromosome and Chromosomal Disorders in Humans
-
xxxii. Xenotransplantation
-
xxxiii. Waste-to-Energy Plants
-
xxxiv. Non-Communicable Diseases
-
xxxv. Probiotics
-
xxxvi. Biogeochemical cycles
-
xxxvii. Phosphorus Cycle
-
xxxviii. Sulphur Cycle
-
xxxix. Oxygen Cycle
-
xl. Nitrogen cycle
-
xli. Carbon cycle
19. Information Technology
-
i. Metaverse – Explained in layman’s terms
-
ii. Net Neutrality – Explained In Simple Terms
-
ii.1. Who are the Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?
-
ii.2. What is Net Neutrality, in simple words?
-
ii.3. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)’s Stand
-
ii.4. Conclusion and Way Forward
-
iii. Computer: Different generations and types
-
iii. Computer: Different generations and types
-
iv. Supercomputers: Everything you need to know about
-
v. Superconductivity
-
vi. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Everything you need to know
-
vii. AI and ethics
-
viii. Artificial Neural Network
-
ix. Generative AI
-
x. Internet of Things (IoT) – A Simple Explanation
-
x.1. What is the “Internet of Things (IoT)”?
-
x.2. Summary
-
xi. Blockchain Technology-Everything you need to know in layman’s language
-
xi.1. Comparing Blockchain to an Excel Sheet
-
xi.2. Summary
-
xii. Bitcoin Halving
-
xiii. Automation: Will it kill more jobs in the coming years?
-
xiii.1. What is Automation?
-
xiii.2. What is the Timeline of Automation?
-
xiii.3. Conclusion
-
xiv. Malware Types: Virus, Worm, Trojan, Ransomware etc
-
xv. Dark Web (Darknet): Definition, Access, and Threats
-
xvi. Dark Patterns
-
xvii. Digital Twin Technology
-
xviii. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
-
xix. Web 3
-
xx. Web 5.0
-
xxi. Augmented Reality
-
xxii. Virtual Reality
-
xxiii. Quantum Cryptography
-
xxiv. Cloud computing
-
xxv. End-to-End Encryption
-
xxvi. Semiconductors Chip Crisis: An Opportunity For India
-
xxvii. SaaS: Software as a Service
-
xxviii. Mobile Networks
-
xxviii.1. Evolution of Mobile Networks
-
xxviii.2. 5G Technology
-
xxviii.3. 5G- Millimeter Wave band
-
xxviii.4. High-band spectrum
-
xxix. eSIM: All You Need To Know About Embedded SIM
-
xxx. Edge Computing
-
xxxi. Wireless Technologies
-
xxxii. NFC Technology
-
xxxii. NFC Technology
-
xxxiii. Public Domain Name Server (DNS)
-
xxxiv. Quantum Entanglement
-
xxxv. Deep Fakes: A Greatest Online Threat
-
xxxvi. EdTech Sector in India: Government Initiatives to boost Online Education
-
xxxvii. NFT: Learn about Non Fungible Tokens
-
xxxviii. Immersive Technologies
-
xxxix. Micro-LED Display technology
-
xl. Open API, UM, QR, RFID & BharOS
-
xli. India Stacks
-
xlii. Open-source Software
20. Space Technology
-
i. Cosmology: The Story Of Universe And Everything In It
-
ii. The Big Bang Theory
-
iii. The Universe: Everything you need to know
-
iv. Black holes: A simple explanation
-
v. Dark Matter vs Anti Matter vs Negative Matter
-
vi.Standard Model Of Physics: Theory Of Almost Everything
-
vii. Fermions and Bosons : Particles Which Make The Universe
-
viii. Classical Mechanics vs Quantum Mechanics
-
ix. Nature of space, time and light: Special Theory of Relativity
-
x. Nature of Gravity: General Theory Of Relativity
-
xi. Gravitational Waves: Einstein Was Right!
-
xii. Standard Particle Model of Quantum Mechanics: Inside an Atom
-
xii.1. What’s inside an atom?
-
xii.2. Fundamental Forces
-
xiii. Higgs Boson : The God Particle
-
xiv. Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO)
-
xv. Sun: Structure, Composition and Features
-
xvi. Space Debris: Threat to astronauts and spacecrafts?
-
xvii. Space Race Through Lunar Exploration
-
xviii. Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs)
-
xix. Fast Radio Bursts
-
xx. Eclipse: Solar vs Lunar – Explained
-
xxi. GSLV: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
-
xxii. GSLV Mk III-D1 OR GSAT-19 Mission – Another Success Story
-
xxiii.1. GSLV D5 : The rocket
-
xxiii.2. GSAT 14 : The Satellite
-
xxiv. SSLV: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
-
xxv. India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV): Everything you need to know
-
xxvi. Scramjet Engine: Why in News Headlines Now?
-
xxvii. ISRO’s World Record PSLV C37 Launch: Top 10 Facts You Should Know
-
xxvii.1. ISRO’s PSLV C37 Launch: Top 10 Facts
-
xxvii.2. Conclusion
-
xxviii. Missile Fuel Technology
-
xxix. Space Missions in 2024
-
xxx. International Space Station (ISS)
-
xxxi. Satellite Technology
-
xxxii. Earth Observation Satellites Based On Application
-
xxxii.1. Bhaskara series
-
xxxii.2. Operational EOS of India
-
xxxii.3. Above Series with their satellite name and Significance
-
xxxii.4. Other Important Remote Sensing Satellites
-
xxxiii. Communication satellites
-
xxxiv. Launch Vehicles in India
-
xxxv. Space Tourism
-
xxxvi. Indian Space Program: Phases and Achievements
-
xxxvii. Solar Storms
-
xxxviii. Major telescopes in India and the World
-
xxxix. NISAR (NASA-ISRO SAR Mission)
-
xl. Aditya-L1 Mission
-
xli. JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer)
-
xlii. NASA’s VIPER Mission: All you need to know
-
xliii. Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) – Mangalyaan Mission
-
xliv. Gaganyaan Mission
-
xlv. SARAS Radio Telescope
-
xlvi. Chandrayaan 3: Everything you need to know
-
xlvii. Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
-
xlviii. Navigation System: Satellite based Global systems
-
xlix. Space Internet: Starlink Project
-
l. Parker Solar Probe: Explore the Sun
-
li. DART Mission (Double Asteroid Redirection Test)
-
lii. Wormhole: A shortcut to travel the interstellar space?
-
liii. Space 2.0: Recent Space Sector Reforms In India
-
liii.1. Steps Taken Under Space 2.0
-
liii.2. Private Participation And Space 2.0
21. Defence Technology
-
i. India’s Nuclear Weapon Programme
-
i.1. History of India’s Nuclear Weapon Programme
-
i.2. India’s Nuclear Weapon Programme: Main Authorities
-
i.3. Nuclear Weapon Programme: Related Topics
-
i.4. Conclusion
-
ii. India’s Ballistic Missile Defence System: Why should we need it?
-
iii. India’s missile systems
-
iv. Drone Rules: An unmanned expedition to uncharted territories
-
v. S-400 Air Defence System
-
vi. Important Hypersonic Missiles
-
vii. Artillery Weapon System of India
-
viii. Infantry Weapon System of India
-
ix. Aircraft Carriers of Indian Navy
-
x. Submarine Arm of India
-
xi. Key Operational Requirements of IAF
-
xii. Important Fighter Jets and Helicopters of India
-
xiii. Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems
-
xiv. Space Weaponization
-
xv. Chief of Defence Staff
22. Nuclear Technology
All topics are given below
-
i. Radioactivity
-
ii. Fission And Fusion
-
iii. Nuclear Reactors: Working and schematic
-
iv. Three-Stage Nuclear Program
-
v. Fusion reactors
-
vi. Important Nuclear Non-proliferation treaties
23. Frontier Technologies
All topics are given below
-
i. Quantum Science and Technology
-
ii. Quantum Dots
-
iii. Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) – Definition, Types & Properties
-
iv. Graphene
-
v. Application of nanotechnology
-
v.1. Nanotechnology Applications
-
v.2. Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering
-
vi. Nanotechnology in Health
24. Miscellaneous
-
i. FRP Composite Material And Its Applications
-
ii. Rare Earth Elements (REE): Why are they strategically important?
-
iii. Awareness in the fields of IT, space, computers, robotics, nanotechnology, biotechnology
-
iv. Leap Year: How does it work?
-
v. CV Raman: The Visionary Scientist
-
vi. Ambergris: The Floating gold
-
vii. Indian Ocean Geoid Low
-
viii. Neurotechnology
-
ix. Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs
-
x. Theory of Evolution by Darwin
-
xi. LIGO-India
-
xii. Indian Scientists: From Ancient to Modern Era
-
xiii. Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis
-
xiv. Bioinformatics
-
xv. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology
-
xvi. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
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