Geographical unity

The Indian Subcontinent constitutes a distinctive geographic entity, and the Himalayas provide a formidable physical barrier to the North, while seas are across the East, South, and West.

• The geology of the Indian subcontinent is unique due to its location on a separate tectonic plate, the Indian Plate, which collided with the Eurasian Plate to create the Himalayan mountain range, resulting in distinctive geological features and land formations.

Historical unity 

From the very beginning, the entire geographical part was known as Bharat Varsha, and this name is present in the Vedas and Puranas. 

• Most of the geographical territory of India came under the rule of great emperors like Ashoka and Akbar.
• British rule and the subsequent Nationalistic Movement led to further territorial integration. 

Cultural unity

Despite having different cultural groups, there is a lot of unity in terms of ideas, philosophy, literature, etc.

• Being the country of festivals, it is observed that people from all cultural backgrounds come together and celebrate all the festivals like Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Gurupurab, Durga Puja, Onam, Baisakhi, etc reflecting the cultural diversity and unity of India.
• The manner of performance of social ceremonies is usually the same in all parts of the country.
• Despite its vast cultural diversity, India shares a sense of unity in its customs, practices, and social life, such as respect for elders, hospitality, joint family systems, etc. 

Religious unity 

Religious unity is still evident as almost all major religions practiced in India provide a similar teaching of values of tolerance and solidarity. 

• Despite the diversity, there is also a sense of unity and tolerance towards different religions, with people of different faiths living and working together in harmony. 
• This unity is reflected in the country’s secular constitution, and most people in India have historically lived in peace with their neighbours regardless of their religious beliefs.