Course Content
GS1
All topics given below
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All Updates topics given below
6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
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10. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
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13. Issues relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
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14. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
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16. Role of Civil Services in a Democracy
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GS3
2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
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4. Major crops – cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems – storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
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5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
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6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
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11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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12. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
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13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
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16. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
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19. Security challenges and their management in border areas; -linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
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GS3: ENVIRONMENT
UPSC Full Course [English]
About Lesson

B.5. Major Plains Of The World

Plains are the most important landforms found on the earth’s surface. The plains are nothing but a low-lying relatively flat land surface with a very gentle slope and minimum local relief. Plains occupy about 55% of the earth’s land surface. Most of the plains have been formed by the deposition of sediments brought down by rivers. Besides rivers, some plains have also been formed by the action of the wind, moving ice, and tectonic activities. Important topics under this tag include,

  1. Classification of Plains: Based on their mode of formation, plains can be classified as:
  1. Structural plain
  2. Erosional plains
  3. Depositional plains
  1. Economic Significance of the plains.

Must know (World Geography)

Masai Mara (Africa): Famous for its wildlife and as a site of the Great Migration.

Must know (Indian Geography)

Coastal Plains: India boasts both Eastern and Western Coastal Plains, which are known for their beautiful beaches and fertile soil.

Here are some major plains around the world and their locations:

Indo-Gangetic Plain

  • Location: South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal)
  • Description: This is one of the most extensive and fertile plains in the world, formed by the alluvial deposits of the Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra river systems. It’s known for its rich agricultural output and dense population.

North European Plain

  • Location: Europe (Germany, Poland, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France, etc.)
  • Description: This vast plain stretches from France in the west to Russia in the east. It’s a significant agricultural region and home to many of Europe’s major cities.

Great Plains (North American Prairie)

  • Location: North America (United States and Canada)
  • Description: The Great Plains of North America cover a vast area of flat to gently rolling terrain. They are known for agriculture, particularly wheat farming, and extend from the Canadian prairies in the north to Texas in the south.

Amazon Basin

  • Location: South America (Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia)
  • Description: The Amazon Basin is the world’s largest tropical rainforest plain, primarily located in Brazil. It is characterized by dense vegetation, a complex river system (including the Amazon River), and rich biodiversity.

Nile Delta

  • Location: North Africa (Egypt)
  • Description: The Nile Delta is formed by the sedimentary deposits of the Nile River as it flows into the Mediterranean Sea. It’s a fertile region and home to many historic sites and cities, including Cairo.

North China Plain

  • Location: East Asia (China)
  • Description: The North China Plain is a flat, low-lying region in eastern China, known for its fertile soil and agriculture. It’s one of China’s primary grain-producing areas.

Indus Valley

  • Location: South Asia (Pakistan and India)
  • Description: The Indus Valley is formed by the Indus River and its tributaries. It’s an important agricultural region, particularly in Pakistan’s Punjab province.

Central Valley (Great Valley of California)

  • Location: North America (United States – California)
  • Description: The Central Valley of California is a highly productive agricultural area in the western United States, known for its fruit, vegetable, and nut production.

Pampas

  • Location: South America (Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil)
  • Description: The Pampas are a vast, fertile plain in South America, known for cattle ranching and agriculture. It’s one of the most economically important regions in Argentina.

Siberian Plain (West Siberian Plain)

  • Location: Asia (Russia)
  • Description: The Siberian Plain is the world’s largest plain, covering a significant part of Russia. It’s characterized by vast stretches of flat land, forests, and wetlands.
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