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United Nations
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- To replace the unsuccessful League of Nations, the United Nations Organization was established in the USA in 1945. The United Nations Organization’s mission was to uphold world peace, promote international harmony, and foster international collaboration.
- The UN mandate is to respect and secure the sovereignty of nations.
- The Trusteeship Council, one of the main organs of the UN, was established to supervise the administration of trust territories as they transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations.
- In several boundary-related wars, including those in the Middle East, the Middle East and the Korean War, the UN has stepped in.
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The era of the Cold War (1945-1990)
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- Together, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the USA battled against Fascist aggression during World War II, and this display of power was what led to the victory of the Allied troops. However, tensions between these two parties started to grow after the war.
- Even though there was no overt aggression, the Cold War was triggered by the policies employed.
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Decolonization and boundary resettlement
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- Decolonization aims to give Indigenous people “cultural, psychological, and economic freedom” to realize Indigenous sovereignty, which is the right and capacity of Indigenous people to exercise self-determination over their lands, cultures, and political, and economic systems.
- Decolonization entails either nonviolent revolution or national liberation battles conducted by pro-independence groups.
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What led to decolonization?
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- It was declared in the Atlantic Charter (1941) that people should have the right to choose their government.
- The United Nations has defined the fundamental right to self-determination as central to decolonization.
- The colonial powers suffered a significant hit as a result of World War II, losing their former prominence. The Netherlands, Belgium, and France, for example, had been defeated and conquered, while the United Kingdom had been severely depleted.
- The rise of two anti-colonialist superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as the changing international climate following 1945, encouraged the colonies to seek independence.
- Lack of resources- Following World War II, several governments had a financial crisis, ran out of financial resources, and experienced poor management, making it impossible for them to maintain colonies.
- Independence movements- Many independence movements began in colonial states.
- Impact of newly decolonized countries – Many states were inspired by neighbouring countries to decolonize, and they were mutually supportive.
- Establishment of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
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