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Rural Urban Composition
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Details
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- In general terms rural areas are those where people are engaged in primary activities and urban areas are those when majority of the working population is engaged in non-primary activities.
- In countries like India, female participation in farming activity in rural area is fairly high.
- Shortage of housing, high cost of living, paucity of job opportunities and lack of security in cities, discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas.
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Occupational Structure
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- Agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining are classified as primary activities manufacturing as secondary, transport, communication and other services as tertiary jobs related to research and developing ideas as quaternary activities.
- The proportion of working population engaged in these four sectors is a good indicator of the levels of economic development of a nation.
- This is because only a developed economy with industries and infrastructure can accommodate more workers in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary sector
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Sex Composition
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Natural Advantage v/s Social Disadvantage
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- Females have a biological advantage over males as they tend to be more resilient than males yet this advantage is cancelled out by the social disadvantages and discriminations that they face.
- The world population reflects a sex ratio of 102 males per 100 females.
- The highest sex ratio in the world has been recorded in Latvia where there are 85 males per 100 females.
- In contrast, in Qatar there are 311 males per 100 females.
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Age Structure
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- Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups.
- Like- age group of 15- 59 indicates a large working population
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Age-Sex Pyramid
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The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups. A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population.
1. Expanding Populations
- The age-sex triangular shaped pyramid with a wide base and is typical of less developed countries.
- These have larger populations in lower age groups due to high birth rates. Eg. Bangladesh and Mexico
2. Constant Population
- Australia‘s age-sex pyramid is bell shaped and tapered towards the top.
- This shows birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near constant population.
3. Declining Populations
- The Japan pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered top showing low birth and death rates.
- The population growth in developed countries is usually zero or negative
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Literacy
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- Proportion of literate population of a country in an indicator of its socio-economic development as it reveals the standard of living, social status of females, availability of educational facilities and policies of government.
- Level of economic development is both a cause and consequence of literacy.
- In India – literacy rate denotes the percentage of population above 7 years of age, who is able to read, write and have the ability to do arithmetic calculations with understanding
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