i. Introduction
Before the uprising of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion or the First War of Independence, there were numerous instances of people’s resistance against British colonial rule in India. These acts of resistance were rooted in various grievances stemming from economic exploitation, cultural suppression, and political domination imposed by the British. These pre-1857 resistance movements laid the groundwork for the larger rebellion that erupted in 1857, highlighting the deep-seated discontent and the desire for autonomy among diverse segments of Indian society.