Course Content
GS1
All topics given below
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
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10. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
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13. Issues relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
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14. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
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16. Role of Civil Services in a Democracy
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
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4. Major crops – cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems – storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
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5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
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6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
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11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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12. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
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13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
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16. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
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19. Security challenges and their management in border areas; -linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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UPSC Full Course [English]
About Lesson

N.17. DNA Barcoding

DNA Barcoding

DNA barcoding

  • The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), a subsidiary of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the International Barcode of Life (iBOL), a Canadian non-profit organization. 
  • This partnership focuses on DNA barcoding, a technique used to quickly and accurately identify species by sequencing a small segment of specific gene regions and comparing them to a global reference database. 
  • iBOL, a collaborative research network, consists of countries dedicated to contributing human and financial resources to expand the global reference database, develop informatics tools, and establish analytical methods for biodiversity assessment and description.
  • The MoU enables ZSI to participate in global programs like Bioscan and the Planetary Biodiversity Mission.

Programs of iBOL

  • Barcode 500K (Completed in 2015)
      • Established sequencing facilities, analytical protocols, informatics platforms, and international collaboration.
      • Laid the foundation for building DNA barcode reference libraries.
  • Bioscan (Launched in June 2019)
      • Aims to deliver DNA barcode coverage for 2 million species by 2026.
      • Activates biomonitoring for ecoregions in participating nations, codifying species interactions.
      • Develops informatics support for high-throughput sequencing.
      • Promotes applications of DNA barcoding.

  • Planetary Biodiversity Mission (To be launched in 2026 and completed by 2045)
    • Goals include completing the census of all multicellular species.
    • Establishing a global biosurveillance program.
    • Constructing a ‘library of life’ by preserving DNA extracts from all species.


Planetary Biodiversity

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