Course Content
GS1
All topics given below
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
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10. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
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13. Issues relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
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14. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
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16. Role of Civil Services in a Democracy
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
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4. Major crops – cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems – storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
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5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
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6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
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11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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12. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
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13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
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16. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
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19. Security challenges and their management in border areas; -linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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UPSC Full Course [English]
About Lesson

V.2. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Details

  • The Act draws its authority from Article 48A and Article 51A (g) of the Indian Constitution.
  • It authorizes the Central Government to prevent and control pollution and establish machinery for environmental protection.
  • The Act enables sample collection for evidence of environmental offenses.
  • Special procedures are outlined for handling hazardous substances.
  • It relaxes the rule of “Locus Standi,” allowing citizens to approach the Court after a notice period of sixty days.
  • The Act empowers the Central Government to issue directives for industry operation, closure, or regulation without court orders.
  • Strict penalties include imprisonment up to five years, fines up to one lakh rupees, and daily penalties for continued violations.
  • Government officers are granted immunity for acts under this Act, and Civil Courts are barred from jurisdiction over related matters.
  • The Act establishes supremacy over inconsistent enactments.

National Forest Policy, 1988

  • Aims to ensure environmental stability, ecological balance, and atmospheric equilibrium for all life forms.

Objectives

  • Preserve natural forests representing biological diversity and genetic resources.
  • Prevent soil erosion, denudation, sand-dune extension, and promote afforestation.
  • Increase forest productivity, efficient utilization of forest produce, and substitution of wood.

Major Achievements of National Forest Policy, 1988

  • Increased forest and tree cover.
  • Involvement of local communities in forest protection and management.
  • Meeting rural and tribal needs for fuel wood, fodder, and minor forest produce.
  • Contribution to environmental stability and ecological balance.
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