Details
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- The Act draws its authority from Article 48A and Article 51A (g) of the Indian Constitution.
- It authorizes the Central Government to prevent and control pollution and establish machinery for environmental protection.
- The Act enables sample collection for evidence of environmental offenses.
- Special procedures are outlined for handling hazardous substances.
- It relaxes the rule of “Locus Standi,” allowing citizens to approach the Court after a notice period of sixty days.
- The Act empowers the Central Government to issue directives for industry operation, closure, or regulation without court orders.
- Strict penalties include imprisonment up to five years, fines up to one lakh rupees, and daily penalties for continued violations.
- Government officers are granted immunity for acts under this Act, and Civil Courts are barred from jurisdiction over related matters.
- The Act establishes supremacy over inconsistent enactments.
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National Forest Policy, 1988
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- Aims to ensure environmental stability, ecological balance, and atmospheric equilibrium for all life forms.
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Objectives
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- Preserve natural forests representing biological diversity and genetic resources.
- Prevent soil erosion, denudation, sand-dune extension, and promote afforestation.
- Increase forest productivity, efficient utilization of forest produce, and substitution of wood.
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Major Achievements of National Forest Policy, 1988
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- Increased forest and tree cover.
- Involvement of local communities in forest protection and management.
- Meeting rural and tribal needs for fuel wood, fodder, and minor forest produce.
- Contribution to environmental stability and ecological balance.
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