Course Content
GS1
All topics given below
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1. Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
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2. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
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5. History of the world will include events from the 18th century such as Industrial revolution, World wars, Redrawal of national boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, Political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
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7. Role of women and women’s organizations, Population and associated issues, Poverty and developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
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10.2. Introduction to Maps
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GS2
All topics that need updates are given below.
6. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
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10. Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.
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12. Welfare schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the Population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
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13. Issues relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
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14. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
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16. Role of Civil Services in a Democracy
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GS3
All topics that need updates are given below.
2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
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4. Major crops – cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems – storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
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5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
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6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
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11. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
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12. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
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13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
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16. Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
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19. Security challenges and their management in border areas; -linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
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GS3: BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
All topics that need updates are given below.
1. Environment
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UPSC Full Course [English]
About Lesson

V.1. Wildlife Protection Act 1972

About

  • India initiated environmental protection within its constitution, after the 1972 U.N. Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm, marking June 5th as World Environment Day.
  • The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, was a significant legislative step alongside other environmental laws like the Water Act (1974) and Forest Act (1980).

Constitutional Provisions

  • Article 48-A emphasizes the state’s duty to protect and improve the environment, forests, and wildlife.
  • Article 51-A (g) mandates citizens to protect and enhance the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
  • Environmental protection is a fundamental duty enshrined in the Indian Constitution since 1976.

The Wildlife(Protection) Act of 1972

  • It marked a crucial moment in wildlife legislation as forests and wildlife were initially under state jurisdiction.
  • The Act has been adopted by all states except Jammu and Kashmir, which has its own similar law.
  • The Act provides a framework for wildlife protection and management and has been amended several times for effective implementation.

The Rationale for the Act

  • India’s wildlife faced rapid decline, even in protected areas like sanctuaries and National Parks.
  • Previous laws like the Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1935, were outdated and inadequate in addressing current challenges.
  • The Act addresses various factors contributing to wildlife decline, including hunting, trade, taxidermy, and poaching.

Salient Features of the Act

  • The Act classifies wildlife into Schedules I to V based on their survival risk, with Schedule I animals receiving total protection.
  • An expert committee oversees amendments to the Act.
  • State governments’ powers to declare wild animals as vermin have been largely withdrawn, and provisions for compulsory livestock immunization near protected areas have been added since the 1991 amendment.
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